Question

Imagine that two closely related species of frog live in the same general area and the males of one species exhibit parental care but males of the species do not. Which of the following attributes would you expect are associated with the non-paternal care species? Explain your choices). (8 marks) A. The tadpoles grow extremely rapidly. B. The adults are relatively small. The tadpoles and adults are very poisonous. D. All of the above. (8 marks total) A. Criticize the following statement: "Inclusive fitness is a measure of an individual's reproductive success." (2 marks) B. In a group of meerkats, a male gives a number of alarm calls that, in total, saves the life of two sisters as well as three offspring of another sibling. But by giving these alarm calls, the male was exposed to risk of attack from predators and eventually he was killed by a hawk. As a result of a shortened life, he did not produce three surviving offspring that he otherwise would have had. (Show all your calculations): (6 marks) i. What was the cost to the male in units of inclusive fitness for his alarm call altruism? ii. What was the benefit to the male in units of inclusive fitness for his alarm call altruism? iii. How much inclusive fitness did the male gain/loose from his altruism? iv. The alarm call giving behaviour of the male was adaptive/adaptionist, a costly by-product of an adaptation/maladaptive? Explain. (7 marks total) A. Discuss how human male sexual jealousy might have arisen through the competition for mates component of sexual selection. (3.5 marks) B. Provide a hypothesis for how human male sexual jealousy could have arisen through the mate choice component of sexual selection. (3.5 marks)

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Answer 1

7)a-

sexual selection work in two main ways- either through competition among members of one sex to access the members of other sex(mate competition) or through choice by members of one sex for certain members of the other sex(mate choice).sexual selection operates more powerfully in polygamous than in monogamous species.Hence ,secondary sexual characters are more developed in polygamous than monogamous species.polygamous species have stronger sexual dimorphism.Male-male competition can both positively and negatively affect female fitness. When there is a high density of males in a population and a large number of males attempting to mate with the female, she is more likely to resist mating attempts, resulting in lower fertilization rates

tail exist in peacocks because females preferentially mate with males that have longer brighter or more beautiful tails.if they do, the mating advantage of males with longer tails will compensate a corresponding amount of reduce male survival. A costly or deleterious character that reduce survival fitness of male is positively useful to the female. this is called handicap theory.

male armaments such as deer antlers ,beetle horns,and large body size that provide individuals with advantage when fighting with potential competitors.

b)Darwin hypothesized that heritable traits such as(secondary sexual character) beards and hairlessness in different human populations are results of sexual selection in humans. Geoffrey Miller has hypothesized that many human behaviours not clearly tied to survival benefits, such as humour, music, visual art, verbal creativity, and some forms of altruism, are courtship adaptations that have been favoured through sexual selection. In that view, many human artefacts could be considered subject to sexual selection as part of the extended phenotype, for instance clothing that enhances sexually selected traits. Some argue that the evolution of human intelligence is a sexually selected trait, as it would not confer enough fitness in itself relative to its high maintenance costs.

5) answer- all the above

parental care is very important in growth and survival of species.  defending offspring from predators .

non parental species -
a. the adults are relatively small
b. the tadpoles and adults are extremely poisonous
c. the tadpoles grow extremely rapidly

6)An organism is said to be behave altruistically when its behaviour benefits other organism,at a cost to itself.Altruistic behaviour is common throughout animal kingdom,particularly in species with complex social structures.for example ,vervet monkey give alarm calls to warn fellow monkeys about presence of predators,even through in doing so they attract attention to themselves,increasing their personal chance of being attacked.

so how can altruistic behaviour be maintained by evolution if it does not enhance survival and reproductive success of the self - sacrificing individuals! W.D. Hamilton explains altruistic acts in term of his theory of inclusive fitness.Hamilton pointed out that when we measure the fitness of a traits ,we must take into consideration the effect that traits has on the fitness of other individual as well as the actor who perform the behaviour.

the costs and benefits are measured in terms of reproductive fitness. the cost is how many fewer offsprings the altruist produce and the benefit is average number of extra offspring that the beneficiary of an altruistic act produce.the average proportion of genes shared by two individuals is called coefficient of relatedness. it is different from coefficient of inbreeding. the coefficient of relatedness denotes the proportion of genes that are held in common by two individuals.

In diploid organism,every parent transmit 50% of its genetic information to each organism. on the average,siblings therefore share half of each parents contributes to their genome,adding to a coefficient of relatedness (r)= 0.5. consequently cousins,uncles,aunts,grandparents,grandchildren and so forth share an (r)- 0.125 or-1/8 .

the higher the value of r, the greater the probability that the recipient of the altruistic behaviour will also posses the gene for altruism.