Question

1. Explain the distinction between the cytosol and the cytoplasm of a cell? Tell whether lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes and DNA are part of the cytosol or the cytoplasm or both. Do

bacteria have a cytosol or a cytoplasm?

2. Describe the Endosymbiotic Theory and list the evidence that supports it.

3. Explain why ribosomes cannot be visualized with a light microscope but can be easily detected with an electron microscope.

4. Describe the chemistry of carbon atoms. Tell about their electron configuration and their capacity to form covalent bonds including double bonds. Also, explain how carbon-based

molecules can be so large and heavily branched.

Answer 1

1). Cytosol is the aqueous component of the ctoplasm of a cell without cell organnelles. Cytoplasm contains lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA except nucleus.

Yes, bacteria have cytosol or cytoplasm which contains everything inside the plasma membrane, which lacks a nucleus.

2). A theory tells about the origins of eukaryotic cells such as mitochondria and chloroplast.

Mitochondria and plastids are formed by a process known as binary fission of cell division used by bacteria.

Transport proteins called porins are found in outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts as in bacterial cell membranes.

3). Light microscope can achieve a maximum of 2000x magnification which is not sufficient to see tiny organelles such as ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and centrioles. By using electron microscope beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen to produce an image which is increased magnification upto 10,000,000x is helpful for small organelles.