Question

1. What is the significance of transcription and translation in overall physiology of Human or bacterial cells? 2. What is transcription? 3. What is translation? 4. What are the differences between Transcription and replication 5. What're the differences between the Transcription and Translation process in human cells versus bacterial cells? 6. What are the functions of RNA polymeraseI, Il and 1lI? 7. What is a promoter and what are the important sequences within a promoter? 8. What is the role of Sigma factor in bacterial replication 9. What are the roles of transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription 10. What is RNA processing? Which enzymes catalyze Capping and Polyadenylation of 5' and 5 mRNA? 11. What are the steps involved in Splicing? What are Snurps?

Answer 1

1. The process of transcription and translation is important for the synthesis and production of protein. A protein is a molecule that does most of the cellular functions and constitute essential components of life. The instructions for making protein are found in DNA. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled while in eukaryotes the former occurs in nucleus and the latter in cytoplasm. These processes should be error free or else can cause cancer.

2. Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied to mRNA, which carries the information required for protein synthesis. In this, a particular segment of DNA is copied into mRNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

3. Translation is the process of synthesis of proteins from the information contained in molecule of mRNA. The mRNA is decoded in a ribosome to produce specific amino acid which later forms active protein and functions inside the cell.

4. There are certain differences between transcription and relocation:-

i. DNA replication is the process of making two daughter strands whereas transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA using DNA template.

ii. Replication occurs in the S phase of cell cycle whereas transcription occurs in the G1 and G2 phases.

iii. Replication occurs along both the strands of DNA while in transcription, only one DNA strand is involved called template strand.

iv. Replication occurs in preparation for cell division while transcription happens in preparation for protein synthesis.