Question

• Describe, in detail how erikson theory choice fulfills the genetic, social, and individual factors that create the total personality.

• Describe, in detail the origin principles, and assessment of validity and utility with regard to your particular personality theory

Answer 1

Personality theory explained by Erik Erikson covers a large number of perspectives like genetic, social and individual factors that leads to the development of personality of a person. In 1963, he studied the perspective of the impact of the social processes which lead to the development of personality of a person. An individual may face psychologically upset situation in life which can be substantially improved through analysis of the conditions required to bring about a change in the perception and development of certain characteristics of personality. He studied the analysis of the reappraisal of the ego so as to sustain the personality improvement in a person.The various factors studied during the different stages include the following necessary for the growth of a person from childhood to the adolescent stage to the mature stage. These are as follows:

• Infancy stage of trust Vs mistrust-It includes the development of a relationship with the parents which can lead to either trust or a mistrust. If the environmental, social and genetic factors are in favor of the growth of the child, then the child develops confidence and leads to formation of trust and identity in the child.
• Early childhood with Autonomy Vs shame- it includes the stage of generation of independence in the child with self-control It usually starts from 2 years to 3 years of age. The children move towards self-confidence and achievement if independence is provided to them in a particular environment with self-control of their skill and precision.
• Middle childhood with Initiative Vs Guilt stage- It is the stage in which there is performance of different activities with restriction of improper social behavior in life. It takes place during 3 years to 5 years of age.
• Late childhood with Industry Vs Inferiority- It is a stage of learning, competing and performing in different fields and activities in school and classes. It takes place 6 years- 11 years of age.
• Adolescence stage with Ego identity Vs Social confusion- It is the stage in which there is achievement of puberty and identity with capacity to take essential self-decisions in life. It is between 12- 19 years of age.
• Early Adulthood between 20 years to 25 years of age--It is the stage of development of love, commitment and formation of healthy relationship in life.
• Middle Adulthood between 26 years to 64 years of life. Generativist Vs Stagnation- It is stage of development of career goals in life with marriage and responsibility of parenthood in life. It can also lead to stagnation if the career goals and ambitions are not realized in life.
• Old age from 65 years and above- Ego integrity Vs despair in life. It is the stage of achieving ego-identity, self-esteem, self-worth and self-acceptance in life.  
• Erikson performed a tremendous number of experiments on the toys which are chosen by children to play and the essential role of these toys in the generation of gender disruption in child play conditions, disruption in play, and role of socioeconomic, ethnic, racial and nationality conditions which disrupt the toy playing conditions during the childhood stage of development.

The various characteristics of personality include the following like as follows:

• Physical appearance.
• character
• Temperament
• Interests
• Abillity.
• Consistency
• Emotions and behaviors
• Psychological and Psychosocial factors influencing the life of child during different stages of development.

The biological factors which influence the development of personality are the hereditary, nervous system, endocrine system and physique with generation of stamina in life. There are various genes involved in the attribution of physical traits like stamina, personality and behavioral traits essential for the development of the physical stature of people. The genes have a role in expressing the color of hair, skin and eyes. The glands secrete hormones essential for the functioning of the human body. The environment has a specific role in the development of a child like development of childhood to adolescent stage. Effect of peers, teachers and social media on the life of children and effect of social relationships.

The validity and utility involves the assessment of the psychological abilities of child with setting up of different psychological exams. The score obtained in different psychological tests is an indication of the level of intelligence in children and gives an indication about the development of the personality of different people in life. The example includes the development of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory which focuses on the development of the child's potential for excellence in life. The tests are useful for the understanding and evaluation of the levels of stress, depression and anxiety in people. The other tests used for confirming reliability are test-retest, split-half, item-total, interjudge and Cronbach alpha. Scaling analysis is used for depiction of emotions of people in different types of situations. The valid output value variables are obtained after the statistical survey with analysis of the error values which are essential. There has been development of measurement model with imparting of units for different kinds of physical measurements during conduction of experiments. There is data reduction with understanding and analysis of mean, mode, standard deviation and variance from the formula which is being tested.