2. Catecholamine levels in plasma are diagnostically important in a number of diseases including Parkinson’s and schizophrenia. Sketch out the chemistry behind the liquid-liquid extraction of catecholamines from plasma, and briefly explain the mechanisms involved. [5 marks]
3. You are investigating if a mineral water drink has been spiked with a weak organic acid drug substance (Ka = 5 x10-4 ). In order to extract the substance, you extract the aqueous sample with octanol. Calculate the distribution ratio D at pH 3.0 if the KD is 60.
2. Catecholamines [dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and adrenaline (epinephrine); CAs] are neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as hormones in the endocrine system. CAs in the brain play a central role in versatile functions as slow-acting neurotransmitters functioning in synaptic neurotransmission, modulating the effects of fast-acting neurotransmitters such as glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In this review, I focus on recent advances in the biochemistry and molecular biology of the CA system in humans in health and disease, especially in neuropsychiatric diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), in relation to the biosynthesis of CAs regulated by a pteridine-dependent monooxygenase, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) and its pteridine cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4).
2. Catecholamine levels in plasma are diagnostically important in a number of diseases including Parkinson’s and...
2. In chromatography, “all compounds spend the same amount of time in the mobile phase” True or false? Explain your answer. [5 marks] 3. You are investigating if a mineral water drink has been spiked with a weak organic acid drug substance (Ka = 5 x10-4 ). In order to extract the substance, you extract the aqueous sample with octanol. Calculate the distribution ratio D at pH 3.0 if the KD is 40.