Question

Create 20 questions like this. A-E optios with explanation and also mention the correct one.

Dale's Principle states: If a particular neurotransmitter is released by one of a neuron's synaptic endings, only that same transmitter is released at all synaptic endings of that neuron.

Q1: Why is this statement half right but also half wrong?

A. a knowledge of neuromodulators was unknown to Dale

B. Neuromodulators are the brain’s major neurotransmitters

*C. Dale is half right about the 7 classical neurotransmitters (NTs) not being co-synthesized in the same neuron but, he is also half wrong since other true NTs are also co-synthesized, stored and released by a single neuron.

D. Dale is half wrong since all neurons are capable of synthesizing any NT. A Given neuron synthesizes any NT required to signal to the next neuron a synapse away.

E. Dale is half right in that one neuron only has the capability to synthesize a single neurotransmitter, surrounding glial cells can synthesize and store Neuromodulators.

INCLUDE THE BELOW ELABORATION OF WHY YOUR SOLUTION IS CORRECT AND you must TELL ME WHY THE OTHER CHOICES CAN NOT BE CORRECT

. Explanation of choices: A. is true but is incorrect since it does not answer the question

B. is incorrect since the 7 classical NTs are not simply neuromodulators

*C. is completely correct as FOUND in Calcagnetti on pp. 14-15

D. it is clearly wrong that “all neurons are capable of synthesizing any NT” since every neuron does not have the intracellular enzymes and active precursor amino acid reuptake systems to synthesize all NTs.

E. is incorrect on 2 points: 1) neurons can co-synthesize, co-store and co-release about 2-3 NTs so long as not more than one is of the 7 classical type and 2) there is slight evidence that glial cells may store NT, they do not synthesize them.

**Credit will be lost for any answers less than 4words as this is deemed too few to be considered of “moderate difficulty”. Vary which answer is correct, i.e., don’t make “c” the correct answer for every question. • Each question should have the correct answer indicated with an asterisk, like so: 1. Question. *A. the correct answer is marked with an asterisk to the left of the answer option letter. B. incorrect answer C. incorrect answer D. incorrect answer E. incorrect answer Explanation of the choices: #1 A. B. C. D. E. Q&As below from the First half of the study guide MODEL to follow 1: A drug which is highly lipophilic (ex. nicotine, thiopental, cocaine, heroin): A. is not likely to be active in the CNS B. penetrates into the brain slowly and is deactivated slowly C. penetrates into the brain slowly and is excreted with much difficulty *D. penetrates the brain rapidly and is deactivated quickly due to redistribution E. penetrates into the brain rapidly and is slowly deactivated FOR FULL CREDIT, INCLUDE THE BELOW ELABORATION OF WHY YOUR SOLUTION IS CORRECT AND you must TELL ME WHY THE OTHER CHOICES CANNOT BE CORRECT. Explanation of the choices: A. is incorrect because it is true that lipophillic drugs DO penetrate into the brain B. is incorrect because it is true that lipophillic drugs penetrate CNS faster than lipophobic drugs and are deactivated faster as well. C. is incorrect because it is true that lipophillic drugs penetrate the CNS quickly and are easily redistributed outside of the CNS *D. is correct as is explained in the Study Guide E. is incorrect because whereas it is true that lipophillic drugs penetrate the brain quickly, it is FALSE that they are slowly deactivated. Please make sure each question has the correct answer marked. Thank you! All questions should be checked for spelling, grammar, and accuracy, as well as lack of question duplication, prior to submission.Make sure your work is original. The questions you write, although tightly aligned with the study guide content, must be your original work. Questions must not quote verbatim from the study guide. Make sure to use all relevant scientific terminology to create a Q&As. Difficulty: design either Comprehension or Application Q&As! Comprehension: Questions at this level assume students can recall learning material (from facts to completed theories and procedures) and are testing for their ability to grasp meaning of the material as demonstrated by converting material from one form to another that’s equivalent, by explaining or summarizing material, and by predicting consequences or effects. classify, defend, demonstrate, distinguish, explain, express, extend, give example, illustrate, indicate, interrelate, interpret, infer, judge,match, paraphrase, represent, restate, show, summarize, tell, translate Application: Questions at this level are testing for students’ ability to use learned material in new and concrete situations, as demonstrated through employing information such as rules, methods, concepts, and theories to do things such as complete tasks or identify circumstances.Apply, choose, dramatize, explain, generalize, judge, organize, prepare, produce, select, show, sketch, solve, use **** Do not create “Knowledge” Q&As as this is not considered of moderate difficulty

Answer 1

1. Regarding hormones and neurotransmitters, which is not true?

*a. hormones and neurotransmitters are the two different names of the same compound

b. hormones and neurotransmitters are made of either protein or lipid.

c. hormones and neurotransmitters are either inhibitory or excitatory

d. their target cell is either the same they are produced or transported through blood to reach the target cell

e. Hormones and neurotransmitters initiate specific molecular events in target cells..

2. The neurotransmitters can not act on target cells directly without receptors because

a. they always act where they are produced.

*b. neuron cell are spaced by 20nm apart

c. receptors contain neurotransmitters inside them

d. receptors blocks the passage of neurotransmitters

e. neurotransmitters are synthesized inside receptors.

3. Hormones and neurotransmitters are made of

a. carbohydrates

b. all are proteins

c. all are lipids or steroids

*d. either peptide or steroid

e. some are carbohydrates, some are proteins and some are lipids

4. Hormones and neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors in the target cell and ultimately change the cellular activities. These receptors are

a.carbohydrates

*b. proteins

c. lipids

d. lipoproteins

e. glycoproteins

5. The binding of hydrophilic hormones and neurotransmitters with receptors alters the cytosolic concentration of ____

a. primary messenger

*b. secondary messenger

c. tertiary messenger

d. quarternary messenger

e. None of the above.

6. Which of the substances given below cannot act as secondary messenger to trigger the hormonal effect?

*a. Magnesium

b calcium

c. cAMP

d. cGMP

e. both cAMP and cGMP since they are cyclic forms

7. Steroid and thyroid hormones bind to the receptors at

a. cell membrane

*b. nucleus

c. ribosomes

d. endoplasmic reticulum

e. DNA

8. Steroid and thyroid hormones act mainly by

*a. changing the transcription rates of specific nuclear genes

b. changing the translation rates of specific mRNA

c. changing the replication rates of specific DNA

d. changing the duplication rates of cytoplasmic organelles

e. maintaining the amount of DNA in a cell without leaving for replication

9. The steroid -receptor complex binds to hormone responsive element (HRE) of DNA on the ___ of the promoter site.

a. downstream side

*b. upstream side

c. in between upstream side and downstream side

d. after the upstream side

e. before the downstream side

10. Binding of steroid-receptor complex to HRE alters the efficiency of the promoter to bind to the enzyme

a. DNA polymerase

*b. RNA polymerase

c. DNA ligase

d. reverse transcriptase

e. DNA helicase

11. Which of the given below is not a neurotransmitter?

a. serotonin

b. dopamine

*c. insulin

d. acetylcholine

e. endorphin

12. Peptide hormones bind to the receptors on

*a. cell membrane to pass through it

b. nucleus to change cellular effect

c. ribosomes to increase protein synthesis

d. endoplasmic reticulum to increase cellular circulation

e. all are not correct

13.