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What is the “uniqueness principle” and which elements does it refer to? What consequence does this...

What is the “uniqueness principle” and which elements does it refer to? What consequence does this have in the bonding for the “heavier” (n = 3) main group elements (e.g. compare R2C=O vs. R2Si=O).

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Uniqueness principle is the trend that every second period element of each group show some properties which are different from other same group elements. It refers to Li, Be, B C, N, O, F, Ne.

Due to this behavior heavier elements like Si can expand their octet and covalency beyond 4 but lower elements like C can't expand it's covalency beyond 4 because of the absence of d-orbitals. Also, C can for pπ-pπ multiple bonds as in R2C=O but heavier have less tendency to for pπ-pπ multiple bonds.

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