Question

4. What is soap? Give the definition

b. What is saponification?

c. What are micelles?

d.What is a hard water? Does soap make sods in hard water? Why?

e.What are the end products of saponification? Name them.

f.How do you change oil (liquid) to fat (solid).

Answer 1

Soap is formed by the hydrolysis of triglycerides. Soap
is potassium or sodium salt of fatty acid by definition

b) Saponification is hydrolysis of triglycerides [fat] in presence
of NaOH, to yield glycerol and soap

Triglyceride +NaOH --> glycerol + 3 mol soap

micelles : Soap has two parts ; nonpolar organic part which
interact with grease/dirt and a polar part which interact
with water. The non polar end of soap will get attached to
grease which will stay at center of many soap molecules
where polar end of soap will directed outwards. Thus many
soap molecules together form clusters which is called micelles.

d)
hard water contain Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions . They react with soap to
form insoluble products which is called scum.

e)
Triglyceride +NaOH --> glycerol + 3 mol soap

it produces soap and glycerol

e)
By the process called hydrogenation we can convert oil to fat.
In this process hydrogen will be added to unsatuated positions
in oil to produce saturated fats