Question

5 Sentences for each question minimum, needs to be straight to the point.

heat transfer: radiation, conduction, convection, advection

Normal/enviromental lapse rate and thermal/temperature inversion in the troposphere

Describe the characteristics of the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the thermosphere

Functions of the ozone layer; what are the effects of the ozone depletion

Answer 1

HEAT TRANSFER:

Heat transfer is the process of transfer of heat from high temperature reservoir to low temperature reservoir.In terms of thermodynamic system , Heat transfer is the movement of heat across the boundary of the system and the surroundings.Modes of heat transfer between two bodies are radiaton,conduction,convection,advection .  As per the second law of thermodynamics the transfer of heat takes place from the body of high temperature to the body of low temperature. there won't be spontaneous transfer of heat from the body at low temperature to the body at high temperature.For heat transfer from low temperature to high temperature external work has to be done.

RADIATION:

Radition is the method of heat transfer that does not rely upon the contact between the heat source and the heated object.For example we feel heat from the sun light with out even touching it.Heat can be transmitted through empty space through radiation.Radiation is the form of energy transport consist of electro magnetic waves travelling at the speed of light.No mass is exchanged and no medium is required.

CONDUCTION:

Conduction occurs when two objects of different temperature are in contact with each other.Heat transfer form the warmer temperature to the colder temperature until both the object obtain same temperature.Conduction is the transfer of heat through a substance by means of collision of molecules.At the place where the two object touch, The faster moving molecules in the warmer object collide with the colder object.As they collide the fast moving molecules give some of their energies to the slower molecules.(e.g) When you wash your hand in cold or warm water.

CONVECTION:

  In liquid and gases , convection is the most efficient way to transfer heat.Convection occurs when the warmer areas of the liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas.As this happen the cooler areas has take the place of the warmer liquid or gas which have risen higher.This cycle results in a continuous circulation pattern and the heat is transfered to the cooler areas of the liquid or gas.In convection hot air rises and the cooler air falls to take their place.(eg) When you boil water in the pan.

ADVECTION:

Advection heat transfer differs from convectional heat transfer.In advection the movement of heat is confined to the horizontal plane.This type of heat transfer is not powered by variation in density, but rather requires outside forces.As the particle move horizontally in to the systems that are hot or colder, heat is transfered.The primary example of advection is the movement of meterological fronts.

NORMAL /ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE:

The lapse rate of non rising air -commonly referred to as the normal or environmental lapse rate. environmental lapse rate is highly variable.Being affected by radiation, convection, condensation;it averages about 6.5 deg C per kilometre Environmental lapse rate refers to the actual rate of decline of temperature with increase in height at a given place at a given time.

TEMPERATURE INVERSION IN TROPOSPHERE:

A reversal of temperature in the troposphere (the region of the atmosphere nearest to the earth surfaces), in which the layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by the layer of warmer air. Under normal conditions air temperature usually decreases with height.Inversion plays the important role in determing the could form, precipitation, and visibility.

STRATOSPHERE:

1. The layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 50 km above the earth's surface (the lower boundary of the mesophere)

2.The lower layer of the stratosphere are colder and as we move upwards, the upper layer becomes hotter

3.calm and stable layer.

4.suitable for flying aircrafts.

5.Region of ozone formation.

MESOSPHERE:

1. Is directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.
2. Extends from around 50-85 km above our planet.
3. Posses temperature that decreases with height through the mesosphere.
4. contains strong zonal winds, atmospheric tides, planetry winds.
5. Mesosphere is the coldest atmosheric layer.

THERMOSPHERE:

1. Thermosphere is the atmospheric fourth layer.
2. The thermosphere begins at the distance of 53-56 miles above the earth surface.
3. Thermosphere is made up of oxygen, atomic nitrogen and helium.
4. Thermoshere lies between exosphere and the mesosphere
5. Thermo means heat and the temperature is about 4,500 degrees fahrenheit.

FUNCTION OF OZONE LAYER:

1. It protects from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun.
2. In the absence of it would be very difficult for anything to survive on the surface.
3. In the absence of ozone plants cannot live and grow in heavy ultraviolet rays
4. It helps to maintain heat balance on earth.
5. Ozone protects plankton which serves as food for most of the ocean lifes.

EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLECTION:

1. Temperature changes and rainfall failures on earth.
2. Climate changes.
3. Crop and forest damages.
4. Less ocean planktons.
5. Less fish harvest.
6. Infections and skin disease on animals.
7. Reduction in plant's chlorophyll, marine ecosystem disturbance and microorganisms may get harmed as well.