Question

Book: Race and Ethnic Relations 14th Edition - Richard T. Schaeffer

Chapter 3 Questions

3) What is the difference between relative and absolute deprivation?
4) How often are U.S. racial hate crimes committed against members of the dominant group? 5) What are some problems or challenges in trying to measure discrimination?
6) What is the difference between income and wealth?
7) What are principal forces working to reduce discrimination?
8) How is discrimination related to environmental justice?
10) Has affirmative action helped to reduce race and gender employment inequality?
12) How is the glass ceiling related to discrimination?

Answer 1

My Answers;-

3) The difference between Relative and absolute  stems from the choice of comparison. Absolute and relative are concepts that are used in life to know more about people, things, and ideas.

Relative deprivation occurs when a person is denied an object or condition that he or she believes is deserved.

Absolute deprivation is generally defined as encompassing a minimal level of need rendering a person able to subsist and to participate actively in society

4) Hate crimes-also called bias crimes-are offenses where "the offender intentionally selects the victim because of the victim's actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation."

Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990, hate crimes are “crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.”

How often do hate crimes & Racial

The FBI is charged under the Hate Crime Statistics Act with compiling statistics on hate crimes. In its most recent report, for 2013, it counted 5,928 incidents resulting in 7,242 victims. That was a decline from 2012, in which the FBI tallied 6,573 incidents.The number of racial/ethnic incidents reported has fallen steadily, from about 6,000/year to about 3,500.Hate crimes against blacks remain far more numerous than hate crimes against the far larger population of whites.

5) The first U.S. census in 1790, statistics on race have been aprominent part of the nation’s censuses and surveys. The Constitution requires the federal government to conduct a census of the country’s population every 10 years for use in the allocation of seats in the House of Representatives. Although the uses of the data, the definitions of race, and the methods of data collection have changed, there continues to be intense interest in census data on race and, more recently, on ethnicity

6) Wealth is the net worth of a person, the total value of his assets minus his liabilities, while income is the amount of money that a person received in return for his services, sale of goods, or profit from investments.

7) The effects of education on reducing prejudice are probably due in large part to the new social norms that people are introduced to in school. Social norms define what is appropriate and inappropriate, and we can effectively change stereotypes and prejudice by changing the relevant norms about them.

8) The Environmental Justice Movement has broadened the perspective of environment beyond the scope of conservation and preservation of natural resources and has defined the environment as “Where we live, work, play, learn and pray.”The quality of life of the population depends on the quality of the natural and social atmosphere in which they are. Societies have developed activities that are environmentally discriminatory.

The first step to confront the environmental discrimination is to become aware from its existence.The environmental discrimination is accentuated in the poorest, vulnerable and marginalised sectors of the population. the societies must develop a special sensitivity before the environmental conditions of these groups

10) Affirmative action refers to equal opportunity employment measures that Federal contractors and subcontractors such as public universities and government agencies are legally required to adopt. These measures are intended to prevent discrimination against employees or applicants for employment on the basis of “color, religion, sex, or national origin”. Examples of affirmative action offered by the United States Department of Labor include outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs.

Affirmative action measures are intended to prevent discrimination against employees or applicants for employment, on the basis of “color, religion, sex, or national origin”.

The controversy surrounding affirmative action’s effectiveness is often based on the idea of class inequality.

Other opponents of affirmative action call it reverse discrimination, saying affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate

12) My answer is that a glass ceiling generally refers to an unfair, artificial barrier that prevents certain employees from fairly competing for upper management jobs in companies. In practice, it keeps qualified employees from reaching their full potential and, depending on applicable law, illegally blocks them from occupying the best-paid and most powerful positions.