While investigating the function of a specific growth factor receptor gene from humans, researchers found that...
While investigating the function of a specific growth factor receptor gene from humans,
researchers found that two types of proteins are synthesized from this gene. A larger protein
containing a membrane-spanning domain recognizes growth factors at the cell surface, stimulating a
specific downstream signaling pathway. In contrast, a related, smaller protein is secreted from the
cell and binds available growth factor circulating in the blood, thus inhibiting the downstream
signaling pathway. Speculate on how the cell synthesizes these disparate proteins.
Homework Answers
The larger membrane spanning, domain containing protein and the small secreted protein are encoded by the same gene that is differentially spliced. Specifically the final exon of the gene could contain the information for the membrane spanning domain and in the smaller secreted protein this exon could be omitted during splicing.
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While investigating the function of a specific growth factor
receptor gene from humans,
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2. The following is a description of a signaling pathway initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases. Ligand → RTK → Sos → Ras → Raf → MEK → ERK → Transcription factor → Cell growth A. (3pts) Which of the...
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Data List 1. Neural Growth Factor (NGF) is a secreted protein 2. P-STAT has a DNA...
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Olfaction occurs when volatile compounds bind to specific odorant receptors. In mammals, each olfactory receptor neuron...
Olfaction occurs when volatile compounds bind to specific
odorant receptors. In mammals, each olfactory receptor neuron in
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receptor. These odorant receptors constitute a large multigene
family (>1000 members) of related proteins. Binding of odorant
induces a signaling cascade that is mediated via a G protein,
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Question 10-12
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1. According to the paper, what does lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) do and what does it allow...
1. According to the paper, what does lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH) do and what does it allow to happen within the myofiber? (5
points)
2. According to the paper, what is the major disadvantage of
relying on glycolysis during high-intensity exercise? (5
points)
3. Using Figure 1 in the paper, briefly describe the different
sources of ATP production at 50% versus 90% AND explain whether you
believe this depiction of ATP production applies to a Type IIX
myofiber in a human....
Drosopholia eye development is an example of cell differentiation directed by signal binding to a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). In this pathway, R7 photoreceptor development requires a receptor (SEV, sevenless), which is activated by binding to a plasma membrane bound signal (BOSS, bride-of-sevenless) displayed on the adjacent R8 cell Receptor activation leads to activation of RAS via two proteins, Drk (down- stream of receptor kinases) and Sos (son-of-sevenless). Activated RAS leads to activation of a phosphorylation cascade that activates the...
2. The following is a description of a signaling pathway initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases. Ligand → RTK → Sos → Ras → Raf → MEK → ERK → Transcription factor → Cell growth A. (3pts) Which of these steps indicates the protein is activated after a GTP exchange step? B. (3pts) Which of these proteins can be deactivated by phosphatases? C. (4pts) Describe a mutation that would cause Ras to be permanently "on"? Would this mutation lead to high...
Classes 7-8 Cytoplasmic Growth Signaling Be able to describe Ras structure and function. What kind of protein is it? How is it regulated (Fig. 5.30)? How many forms of Ras do humans express? Be able to describe how Ras interacts with multiple downstream partners. What mechanisms render ras oncogenic? Also, how does Ras become oncogenic in the absence of ras mutations? Be able to describe how Ras interacts with the growth factor receptor signaling machinery. How did fly genetics help...
Data List 1. Neural Growth Factor (NGF) is a secreted protein 2. P-STAT has a DNA binding site 3. Erk lives in the cytosol 4. P-Erk lives in the nucleus 5. Ras (which is a completely different protein than Ras-GEF) is a GTPase switch so on with GTP and off with GDP 6. Ras-GDP is located at the plasma membrane 7. TrkA has an amino acid that can have a phosphate group added to it (a phosphorylation site) 8. TrkA...
Olfaction occurs when volatile compounds bind to specific
odorant receptors. In mammals, each olfactory receptor neuron in
the olfactory nasal epithelium expresses a single type of odorant
receptor. These odorant receptors constitute a large multigene
family (>1000 members) of related proteins. Binding of odorant
induces a signaling cascade that is mediated via a G protein,
Gaolf. Recent studies suggest that there are a small
number of olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal epithelium that
express members of the trace-amine associated...
Question 10-12
10. During the mating process, yeast cells respond to pheromones secreted by other yeast cells. These pheromones bind GPCRs on the surface of the responding cell and lead to the activation of proteins inside the cell. When a wild-type yeast cell senses the pheromone, its physiology changes in preparation for mating: the cell stops growing until it finds a mating partner. If yeast cells do not undergo the appropriate response after sensing a pheromone, they are considered sterile....
1. According to the paper, what does lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH) do and what does it allow to happen within the myofiber? (5
points)
2. According to the paper, what is the major disadvantage of
relying on glycolysis during high-intensity exercise? (5
points)
3. Using Figure 1 in the paper, briefly describe the different
sources of ATP production at 50% versus 90% AND explain whether you
believe this depiction of ATP production applies to a Type IIX
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