Question

1. Where in the circulatory system and its associated tissues is the partial pressure of O₂lowest and the partial pressure of CO₂highest?

                        a.   alveolar capillary bed                      d. body tissue surrounding systemic capillaries

                        b.   exhaled air                                      e. pulmonary arteries and systemic veins

                        c.   pulmonary veins and systemic arteries

2. Increasing the value of which of the following stabilizes the R-state of hemoglobin and makes it harder to unload O₂?

a.   [BPG]                                            d. [O₂]

b.   [CO₂]                                             e. temperature

c.   [H⁺]

3. Which of the following is a nonbranching, structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls?

1. amylose                                          c. cellulose
2. amylopectin                                    d. glycogen

4. Which of the following most precisely describes the relationship between α-D-fructofuranse and α-L-fructofuranose?

a.   anomers                                          d. epimers

b.   diastereomers                                  e. structural isomers

c.   enantiomers

5. The palisade parenchyma and a vascular bundle of a skunk cabbage leaf are at which level of biological organization?

a.   cell                                                 d. organ

b.   organelle                                        e. tissue

c.   organism

6. The Na⁺-K⁺ pump and the Ca²⁺-pump in the odorant neuron are examples of:

a.   facilitated diffusion.                         d. secondary active transport.

b.   membrane-mediated transport.         e. simple diffusion.

c.   primary active transport.

7. Which complex in the mitochondrial electron transport chain receives electrons from reduced cytochrome c?

                        a.   Complex I                          c. Complex III

b.   Complex II                         d. Complex IV

9. The _____ of the chloroplast and the _____ of the mitochondrion become more basic (higher pH) when an electron transport chain is functioning normally.

                        a.   thylakoid space … matrix                                                   

                        b.   thylakoid space … intermitochondrial membrane space        

                        c.   stroma … matrix

                        d.   stroma … intermitochondrial membrane space

10. Photopigments in the light harvesting complexes of photosystems contribute productively to efficient energy capture during photosynthesis via:

                        a.   fluorescence.                       c. radiationless decay (heat production).

                        b.   photooxidation.                   d. resonance energy transfer.

Answer 1

1: Pulmonary arteries and systemic veins. Option e

When blood reaches the lungs through the pulmonary arteries, it has delivered oxygen to the body cells and picked up carbon dioxide ( Waste Product of respiration). The partial pressure of oxygen now in the pulmonary artery is very low( Nearly 40 mm Hg). This allows oxygen gas to naturally diffuse from the alveoli in the lungs into the capillaries of the circulatory system. The partial pressure of Carbon dioxide will be highest in systemic veins because it carries the deoxygenated blood.

2: Option D: Increasing the concentration of Oxygen increases the stability of the R state. This makes it more difficult for hemoglobin to release the bound oxygen.

Hemoglobin exists in two states that are T-state and the R-state.

The "T" in T-state stands for the "Tense" state of hemoglobin. This form is a deoxy form of hemoglobin (No oxygen) and is also known as "deoxyhemoglobin". The "R" in R-state stands for "Relaxed" and is the fully oxygenated form, it is also known as oxyhemoglobin.

3: Cellulose. Option C

Cellulose is the unbranched polymer of glucose. All glucose units are linked together by beta-1,4 linkages, which allow the molecule to form long and straight chains.

4: Enantiomers. Option C

An enantiomer is one of the two molecules that are mirror images of each other and are non-superposable.

5: Tissue. Option e

In Skunk leaf cabbage Palisade parenchyma and Vascular bundles, cells are tightly packed to form tissue. In plants, parenchyma refers to a specific type of ground tissue with thin cell walls and the ability to grow and divide. The vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants. In plants, transport occurs through vascular tissue.

6: Primary active transport. Option C

Primary active transport utilizes energy in form of ATP to transport molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

7: Complex IV. Option d

The fourth complex is composed of cytochrome proteins c, a, and a3. It is the last electron acceptor of the respiratory chain.

9: a.thylakoid space … matrix. Option A.

During the electron transport chain in the chloroplast, the protons are pumped from the thylakoid space to the stroma, making the thylakoid basic. In the same way, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space making the matrix basic.

10: Photooxidation. Option b