Question

List the four classes of organic molecules, be able to describe them (i.e. functions/uses), recognize monomers for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, recognize representatives of each class

Answer 1

Now that we’ve discussed the four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), let’s talk about macromolecules as a whole. Each is an important cell component and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s dry mass (recall that water makes up the majority of its complete mass). Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and additional minor elements.

Macromolecule	Basic Formula, key features	Monomer	Examples	Uses
Proteins	CHON −NH2 + −COOH +R group	Amino acids	Enzymes, some hormones	Storage; Signals; Structural; Contractile; Defensive; Enzyme; Transport; Receptors
Lipids	C:H:O Greater than 2:1 H:O (carboxyl group)	Fatty acid and glycerol	Butter, oil, cholesterol, beeswax	Energy storage; Protection; Chemical messengers; Repel water
Carbohydrates	C:H:O 1:2:1	Monosaccharides	Glucose, Fructose, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose	Energy storage; Structure
Nucleic Acids	CHONP pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphate	Nucleotides	DNA, RNA	Genetic informatio n