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How will the immune system recognize whether a cell is displaying a protein that was synthesized...

How will the immune system recognize whether a cell is displaying a protein that was synthesized inside the cell or a protein the cell took in and did not actually synthesize?

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It depends on the type of receptors present on the protein. The receptors of the self synthesized protein will be already present with the immune cells, but the receptors for the not-so self synthesized proteins will not be present with the immune cells. So, the proteins with receognizable receptors will be taken as self and the proteins with unrecognizable receptors will be taken as foreign.

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