Fiscal deficit = {(revenue + grants) – (expenditure on goods and
services + transfers) –
(lending – repayments)
The conventional budget deficit can be regarded as the resources
needed during a
fiscal year after government income has been deducted from total
expenditure. The latter
expenditure total includes interest payments but not any
amortization of public debt.
. What are the “crowding-out effects” that limit the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy to...
NOTE: In the following analysis we still assume that commodity prices are fixed and there is no foreign trade. 1. What determines the demand for real money balances? Why does it depend on the nominal rather than the real interest rate? 2. What is the LM curve? 3. What determines the slope of the LM curve? 4. If the interest sensitivity of the demand for real money (the absolute inverse slope, or flatness of the demand curve for real money,...
1. (a) (3 Marks) "A counter-cyclical fiscal policy has crowding out effects”. Explain with economic reasoning and appropriate diagram(s). (b) (3 Marks) Define open market operations, and explain how executing them can be used as a tool for the conduct of monetary policy. (c) (4 Marks) Use diagram to explain why do fiscal and monetary policies are ineffective in combating stagflation. How a stagflation be cured?
Question 2 Explain how the effectiveness of contractionary monetary policy (dM Fiscal policy (dg <0) depends on the magnitude of the response of NX to in r or dNX/dr. Make sure to provide your answer with the relevant mathematical equations, and economic interpretation. points) Question Two: Assume the following equations summarize the structure of an economy. с =C, +0.7(Y - T) са = 2,000 - 50 т * 150 + 0.15Y (M/P) 0.3Y - 10r M/P 3,000 2,000 -10r G...
1.b. Fiscal policy is said to suffer from ‘crowding out’. Explain what this means and why it is a problem. Should the Federal budget always be balanced? 2. a. Describe the main goals of monetary policy and explain how a change in interest rates can affect the different categories of aggregate demand. (5 marks) b. You are the Reserve Bank Governor and are reviewing the following economic data: Real GDP growth rate: 4.2% Unemployment rate: 4.6% Inflation rate: 3.8% Determine...
7. Use of discretionary policy to stabilize the economy Should the government use monetary and fiscal policy in an effort to stabilize the economy? The following questions address the issue of how monetary and fiscal policies affect the economy, and the pros and cons of using these tools to combat economic fluctuations. The following graph shows a hypothetical aggregate demand curve (AD), short-run aggregate supply curve (AS), and long-run aggregate supply curve (LRAS) for the U.S. economy in April 2020. Suppose the government...
Among the most important problems of implementing fiscal policy include all except which of the following? Correctly timing the desired fiscal stimulus, given the inevitable lags and forecasting errors Determining how large a stimulus to apply Assessing when policy actions should be reversed Determining how long a time lag to apply If the central bank does not use accommodating monetary policy, a fiscal stimulus is likely to increase interest rates, which in turn, will cause planned investment to decrease. What...
Consumption expenditure = $262,619.0 million Planned investment = $86,227.0 million Government expenditure = $113,601.0 million Export expenditure = $99,804.0 million Import expenditure = $97,424.0 million Autonomous taxes = $56,700.0 million Income tax rate = 28% Marginal propensity to save = 0.4 Marginal propensity to import = 0.1 Part (10) Illustrate the GDP gap using the AD-AS Model and the AE Model, if the natural level of income is estimated as $490,000 million. Part (11) If the government wants to close...
It is hard to escape the daily barrage of news regarding the COVID-19 pandemic! Economies around the world are struggling on many fronts. Production is declining while financial markets appear to be reaching new lows every day. This discussion is meant to check your knowledge of the Keynesian view of how an economy functions. Specifically, I would like you to answer the following questions. You can go beyond answering these questions, but please do so only after you have made...
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The LM curve represents A) the single level of output where the goods market is in equilibrium. B) the combinations of output and the interest rate where the goods market is in equilibrium. C) the single level of output where financial markets are in equilibrium. D) the combinations of output and the interest rate where the money market is in equilibrium. E) none of...
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The LM curve represents A) the single level of output where the goods market is in equilibrium. B) the combinations of output and the interest rate where the goods market is in equilibrium. C) the single level of output where financial markets are in equilibrium. D) the combinations of output and the interest rate where the money market is in equilibrium. E) none of the...