Question

what are the main features of a prokaryotes? what are their chemical makeup, role/function, and how they may or may not differ between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria or archaea

1. Capsule (is there another term for this? An analogous structure?)
2. Cell wall
   3. Cell Membrane
   4. Pili
   5. Flagellum
   6. Chromosome
   7. Nucleoid
   8. Endospores
   1. Ribosome
   10. inclusions

Answer 1

Answer:

1) prokaryotes are devoid of membrane bound organelles whereas eukaryotes possess membrane bound organelles

2) prokaryotes have 70 S ribosomes whereas eukaryotes have 80 S ribosomes

3)the cell wall of prokaryotes is made up of peptidoglycan or pseudopeptidoglycan whereas eukaryotic cell wall is made up of cellulose or chitin.

4) prokaryotic cells don't have nucleus and there chromosomes are present in the cytoplasm whereas eukaryotic chromosomes are present in a separate compartment called nucleus.

5) prokaryotic chromosomes lack histone proteins and they are arranged in circular fashion whereas eukaryotic cells chromosomes are linearly arranged

6) prokaryotic cells replicate by binary fission whereas eukaryotic cells replicate by mitotic division

7) extrachromosomal DNA is present in the cytoplasm in the form of plasmid. In eukaryotes they are present in the cell organelles.

Prokaryotic cells can show different staining properties with gram stain due characterstic cell wall.

The bacteria that retains the gram stain are called gram positive because their cell wall is thick and having large amount of peptidoglycan.

Gram negative bacteria loose the gram stain because their wall hav less peptidoglycan.

A) Capsule is the outer most covering of some bacteria which is made up of polysaccharides. Its another form is called Slime layer.

B) Cell wall : Cell wall of prokaryotes are made up of peptidoglycan

C) Plasma membrane : It is phospholipid bilayer covering the prokaryotic cells.

D) pili : these are fine projection of the plasma membrane that helps attach the bacteria to external surface.

E) Flagellum: These are thick projection of the plasma membrane that makes the prokaryotic cell motile.

F) chromosome of the bacteria is circular DNA called naked DNA.

G) Nuceloid :  

membrane is absent

Composed of chromosomes without histone protein

- Genetic material of prokaryotes responsible for inheritance and expression of characters

- present in prokaryotes

- absent in eukaryotes plants and animals.

H) Endospores : These are vegetative parts of the bacteria that help in survival under unfavorable environment.

i) Ribosomes:

- not membrane bound

- made up of Ribosomal RNA and proteins

- site of protein synthesis

- present in prokaryotes eukaryotes plants and animals

J) Inclusion : these are dense bodies present in the cytoplasm rich in various nutrients.