Question

I need help on finding these questions chapter 18

question 1. Effects of aging on the endocrine hormone output.

Define words:

Releasing hormone,

tropic hormone,

isles of Langerhans,

Sella turcica,

hypophysis,

infundibulum,

epinephrine,

norepinephrine,

androgen,

Addison’s disease,

Cushing’s disease,

Grave’s disease,

glucose,

glycogen,

Answer 1

Releasing hormones – The releasing hormones are released from the hypothalamus and are peptide hormome and they help in regulating release of many different types of hormones. They helps in stimulating the release of many hormones and the hypothalamus helps in regulation its release. An example would be release of the thyrotropin hormone with help of the thyrotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

Tropic hormone – These enzymes are specifically released from endocrine glands and they are majorly produced and released from anterior pituitary. These hormones are those which help in influencing activities of many hormones and hence help in tissue stimulation.

Isles of Langerhans – These are located within the pancreas region and are present as cluster of cell. They are responsible for production as well as release of hormones and hence helps in regulation of the concentration of glucose. The cells release glucagon which releases glucose liver and also helps in releasing the fatty acids from fat tissues.

Sella turcica – This is present as depression in the base of the skull and is the space where the pituitary gland is situated. It resembles the saddle and hence it got its name. This is an important structure which helps in protecting the pituitary gland.

Hypophysis – It is also known as pituitary gland and is small pea sized structure which is located at base of the brain. it is known as the master gland as it helps in overall hormonal control and regulation. It helps in secretion of the hormones into the bloodstream and hence helps in regulation and metabolic activities of the body.

Infundilum – This is a stalk like structure also known as pituitary stalk and helps in connecting the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus. It is funnel shaped.

Epinephrine – It is an important hormone and is an adrenaline hormone which is secreted by the medulla of adrenal glands. The main function of the hormone is to enhance the cardiac output and hence helps in raising the level of glucose in blood. It also helps in relaxing muscles within the respiratory airways and helps in improving blood flow and ensures better breathing.

Norepinephrine – This is a hormone which acts as stress hormone as well as neurotransmitter and hence helps in establishing better communication through transmission of signals between various nerve cells. The hormone is release in the blood as soon as brain encounters start of a stressful event. Once it is released, it is responsible for narrowing the blood vessels and hence it helps in increasing blood pressure and glucose.

Androgen – They are group of hormones which are mostly active in male and helps in ensuring conduction of reproductive activities. They help in regulating and maintaining male characteristics as it binds to androgen receptors.

Addison’s disease – It is a disorder when the body is unable to produce enough hormones due to malfunctioning of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and very little aldosterone and they progresses very slowly. Some of the symptoms for the same is extreme fatigue, weight loss, skin darkening, low blood pressure, low sugar, abdominal pain, muscle pain, body hair loss etc.

Cushing’s disease – This is a disease where the pituitary gland tend to release excess of adrenocorticotropic hormone. The body has very high level of cortisol hormone in such case and is also known to be caused due to hypercortisolism. Some of the common symptoms are weight gain, fatty tissue deposit, pink or purple stretch marks on skin, acne, easy bruising etc.

Grave’s disease – This is a type of autoimmune disorder and is known for causing hyperthyroidism and caused by an overactive thyroid. Some of the common symptoms are anxiety, weight loss, sensitivity to heat, change in menstrual cycle, fatigue, erectile dysfunction, irregular heartbeat, frequent bowel movement etc.

Glucose – The sugar has a formula of C6H12O6 and is a monosaccharide which is essential for production of energy in form of ATP in body. It is used by the plants after the sunlight is absorbed and prepared from water and carbon dioxide.

Glycogen – It is a storage polysaccharide and is an important form of energy storage and is an main form by which glucose is stored in the body. It is majorly found in the muscle and liver cells and is synthesized from glucose. It is stored as the glucose is converted into glycogen when present in excess.