Please, Can anyone send sample of project proposal for MBA on any subject. I have no idea how to start. it will helpful me to go forward.
Project proposal is the outline of the project which consist of Title page of project , recognizing the guides and faculty involved , the introduction of the project/problem/research, literary review,problem statement, background, objective of project, significance, methodology which will be used in data collection during research, scope of study, timelines of preparing a project or gantt chart, conclusion and references.
Sample of a project proposal is as below, this work is not owned by me and its content is copied from internet.This just to show you a sample of project proposal.
Project Title: Relationship between perceived organizational ethics and effectiveness of e-business: A case of SMEs in UK.
Introduction: Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) constitute
an integral part of the economic development and sustainability in
United Kingdom. It has been noted that in 2012, there were
approximately 4.8 million SMEs operating within the country
(Business Innovation and Skills, 2012). Furthermore, SMEs
contribute to the 99.9% of business related processes within the
private sector of the economy. The factors that determine the
success of an SME are attributed to the ability of the management
to capitalize on the strengths and opportunities. However, the role
of consumers or customers as central stakeholders can’t be
overlooked. Technological advancements have also changed the
outlook of the business environment for SMEs within UK. An
increasing number of organizations have integrated e-business or
e-commerce as a part of their operations to fulfill the demands of
the consumers in an effective manner (Taylor & Murphy, 2004).
The SMEs as well as large scale corporations have perceived
e-business as a profitable opportunity, thus leading to the
integration of e-business models in SMEs.
Consumers in today’s world engage in decision making process which involves the consideration of various factors. The increased awareness of corporate social responsibility as well as the organizational ethics displayed through the firm’s interaction with the online consumers determines the level of success of SMEs. Creyer (1997) have stated that failure to understand the potential of consumer’s perception about organizational ethics can have negative implications for an organization. This area has also been relatively unexplored as most of the scholars have focused on the impact of corporate social responsibility on the overall performance of SMEs in UK (Spence, Schmidpeter, & Habisch, 2003; Castka, Balzarova, Bamber & Sharp, 2004; Baden, Harwood & Woodward, 2009). Based on this background, the researcher has proposed to investigate the role of perceived organisational ethics by consumers as a factor that has significant impact on the effectiveness of electronic mode of business for SMEs operating within UK (Daniel, Wilson & Myers, 2002).
LITERATURE REVIEW
Various researchers have analyzed the factors that encourage the
consumers to engage in online transactions with an organization
(Gefen, 2000; Close & Kukar-Kinney, 2010; Kardes, Cronley &
Cline, 2011). Such positive online behavior is expected to be
facilitated by a wide array of reasons. Limayem, Khalifa and Frini
(2000) have used the theoretical framework of planned behavior to
identify the factors that result in increased participation of
online transactions by the consumers. It was found that the
perception of the consumers about the repercussions of their use of
internet and the subsequent purchase was the main factor which
determined their future internet based purchase behavior. Taking
this view into consideration, the ethical behavior of the
organisation can support the online consumers in establishing
feelings of trust towards the company. According to Kracher and
Corritore (2009) the businesses operating in the online world apply
similar ethical rules as the businesses that have physically
established set ups in the market. Therefore, the presence of trust
and credibility holds equivalent importance within e-business
context.
Most of the organizations engaging in electronic business use the
financial output as a tool of identifying the degree of
effectiveness. However, the return on investment seems to offer
limited scope of understanding the notion of success. As proposed
by Walker and Brown (2004), the SMEs can utilize non monetary
criterion to identify their capability to maintain effective level
of performance. The same criterion can be applied within the online
arena as customers’ decision to purchase a product or avail a
service from an SME is determined by a wide array of non monetary
variables.
So and Sculli (2002) have identified the presence of trust as
one of the key elements that promotes online consumer behavior. A
consumer is likely to develop trust on a business if they
underlying perception is supportive of the ethical conduct of the
company. It has been further asserted that firms that are not able
to maintain positive perception among the target market are likely
to face significant loss. The overall ethical outlook of a company
is linked with the maintenance of consumer privacy and
confidentiality of the data. McKnight, Choudhury and Kacmar (2002)
have demonstrated the role of positive perception of the business
in the consumer base. It has been stated that in order to
facilitate a potential consumer to become an actual consumer of a
company, the firm needs to establish validated feelings of
dependability. This proposition is further reinforced by the
persistent display of moral and ethical choices by the
company.
One of the dimensions related to ethical conduct of a business has
been identified by Culnan and Armstrong (1999) who regarded the
sharing of information with customers as a means of establishing
goodwill among them. The consumers who were informed about the
company about the nature and scope of use of their profile
information were able to view this as a reflection of
organizational ethics. On the other hand, firms that collected and
used consumer related information, but were reluctant to provide
knowledge about the process were perceived with suspicion and low
credibility. The tendency of a company to display ethical behavior
in the online communication and transactions with the consumers
develops a low risk profile of the business in the market (Kim,
Ferrin & Rao, 2008). This indicates that the variables of
perceived risk and perceived organizational ethics are
significantly related to each other.
Ferrell and Hartline (2010) have suggested that the quality of relationship of a company with its external stakeholders can have a strong influence on the pace of logistics and operations. Similarly, in the online context, positive relationship with online consumers can result in increased sales and profitability. The perceived ethical conduct of the firm in this case tends to play a mediating role in the consumer purchase decisions. Boatright (2003) also supported this notion by asserting that e-business success of an organisation in terms of customer retention and loyalty is dependent upon the perception it generates in the mind of the consumers. Organizations that focus on acting in morally responsible ways establish the foundation of long term trust in the consumers. On the other hand, management that keeps its own vested interest central is likely to develop an ethically damaged perception in the market. This in turn has negative implications for the sales, profitability and revenue.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The behavior of consumers is not only guided by available
information about the features of products or services. The rising
participation of consumers in online transactions and e-business
activities indicates that the customer’s perception about the
degree of trustworthiness of a business also play an important
role. The consumer’s perception about trustworthiness of an
organization is based on their view about the adoption of ethical
business practices by the firm. If an organization is deemed as
valuing the ethical and moral principles, the consumers
automatically attribute the features of trustworthiness and
credibility with the firm. As a result, they are more likely to
retain their loyalty with the business entity (Kracher &
Corritore, 2009). Based on this assumption, the researcher has
established a central question “What is the relationship between
perceived organizational ethics and effectiveness of e-business of
SMEs in UK?”
The main focus in this domain will be to investigate the linkages between consumer’s perceptions of a firm’s ethical behavior. The researcher will also explore the perception of consumers about the moral principles upheld by organizations and their willingness to engage in e-business activities with these firms. The research objectives identified for the study are as follows:
1. To understand the perception of organizational ethics among
the online consumers of SMEs.
2. To explore the factors developing perception of organizational
ethics among online consumers.
3. To investigate the impact of perceived organizational ethics on
effectiveness of e-business for SMEs.
The study will be based on the following questions:
1. What is the perception of organizational ethics among the online
consumers of SMEs in UK?
2. What are the factors which develop the perception of
organizational ethics among online consumers?
3. What is the impact of perceived organizational ethics on
effectiveness of e-business for SMEs in UK?
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researcher intends to use qualitative research design for
conducting the study. Qualitative research is deemed as suitable
for seeking information about the areas that are relatively
unexplored. The present study is aiming to understand, explore and
investigate the role of perceived organizational ethics on success
of e-business of SMEs. Considering this context qualitative
approach will be provide access to in-depth and detailed
information which can be used to develop a comprehensive framework
in this regard. The researcher can therefore establish findings
which support in enhancing the knowledge and understanding about
the phenomenon of perceived organizational ethics. The use of
qualitative research is aligned with the deductive approach which
is based on the underlying principle of moving from general
information to the development of a specific theoretical concept
(Bryman & Bell, 2007). Since the context of present study is an
under researched area, the use of qualitative approach is more
appropriate. Secondly, perception can be explored and analyzed with
a greater degree of effectiveness through the use of subjective
accounts and narration from the participants.
The researcher will be using grounded theory as a strategy of qualitative research. Glaser (2008) has stated that grounded theory helps a researcher in establishing a clear framework out of the generalized information. Critics have outlined the limitations embedded in the use of grounded theory and qualitative research by asserting that they are based on subjective data only. The researcher can gain insight into the thoughts and beliefs held by individuals; however the observable behavior and objective information are significantly overlooked (Bryman & Bell, 2007). Furthermore, the process of theoretical construction can be time consuming as well. Belk (2006) on the contrary has argued in favor of the use of grounded theory for investigating the various themes related to consumer behavior, as the development of new theory is needed to understand the complex phenomenon of consumer perception.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
[large]Data collection in a research can be based on primary or
secondary sources of information. For this study, the researcher
will be collecting primary data which entails collection of first
hand information from the sample of study as well as secondary data
from peer reviewed journals and books. There are various methods
that can be used for gathering primary information. The researcher
will be using focus group as it provides access to the perception
underlying the behaviour of the participants. Various scholars have
used focus groups to obtain information from the consumers about an
area of interest (Grunert, 1997; Joseph, Sekhon, Stone &
Tinson, 2005; Becken, 2007). The choice of focus group is further
facilitated on the grounds that it offers adequate flexibility and
validity to the researcher. Moreover, the collection of information
is less time consuming as compared to other means of qualitative
data collection. Another important benefit of focus group is that
the researcher is likely to gain access to unexpected aspects of
data. The respondents in the focus group can bring out some
information which the researcher wasn’t aware of, thus creating
significance of focus group in developing theory (Babbie,
2012).
The data will be collected from 8 individuals who have indicated that they have engaged in online purchases in the last 2 months (from SMEs located in UK). These participants will be required to respond to the semi structured questions developed by the researcher. The nature of data will be based on direct responses to questions as well as the discussion generated responses. The focus group session is expected to last from 60 to 90 minutes. The session will be recorded by the researcher after obtaining informed consent from the participants. Later on it will be transcribed and coded to identify the various themes discussed by the participants. The analysis of the data will provide an overview of the various factors that have emerged during the focus group discussion. The data from secondary sources will be utilized to develop an understanding about the impact of perceived organisational ethics on the effectiveness of e-business. Peer reviewed journal articles and books will provide content in this regard which can be analyzed to evaluate the validity of this notion.
TIME SCALE
In order to represent the process of initiation, conductance and
completion of research, I have used a Gantt chart. The chart will
illustrate various stages of research and the time allocated for
each of the research activity. As demonstrated in the chart given
below, the research project will be initiated in February in the
form of development of proposal. The next step in this regard will
be literature review which will last up to 2 months. It will
provide the researcher with an understanding of the theoretical
constructs that can be used for formulating the questions for
participants. Once the questions have been formulated the
researcher will conduct a pilot study of focus group to gauge the
degree of reliability and validity of the questions. In addition to
this, the pilot study will also help the researcher in identifying
any problems in the question structure and formatting. After the
pilot study, the next phase will be focused on collection of actual
research data which will also be done in June. The researcher will
collect data through focus group as well as from the plethora of
researches conducted by other scholars. The analysis of data will
be carried out in July. The last 2 months of the research process
will be dedicated for the write up draft and final submission of
the dissertation.
CONCLUSION
The research is focusing on the impact of perceived organizational
ethics among the online consumers on the performance of SMEs in
terms of their e-business domain. The expected findings in this
regard can be summarized on the basis of the three research
objectives. The consumers who engage in online purchase and
transactions are likely to hold positive perception about the
ethical conduct of those businesses. Another expected outcome of
the study is that the participants will attach low risk and high
trust with organizations that are perceived to be ethical.
Moreover, the degree of privacy and availability of information
about the use of customer data by firm will also be associated with
an indication of organizational ethics. Lastly, the study is also
expected to provide information about the impact of organizational
ethics on effectiveness of e-business for SMEs through exploration
of pertinent secondary data. The secondary literature will show
significant relationship between consumer perception of
organizational ethics and the sales and profitability of the
e-business activities.
REFERENCES
Babbie, E. R. (2012). The practice of social research. USA:
Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Baden, D. A., Harwood, I. A., & Woodward, D. G. (2009). The
effect of buyer pressure on suppliers in SMEs to demonstrate CSR
practices: an added incentive or counterproductive? European
Management Journal, 27(6), 429-441.
Becken, S. (2007). Tourists’ perception of international air
travel’s impact on the global climate and potential climate change
policies. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(4), 351-368.
Belk, R. W. (2006). Handbook of qualitative research methods in
marketing. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Boatright, J. R. (2003). Ethics and the Conduct of Business. USA:
Pearson Education Inc.
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2007). Business research methods. USA:
Oxford University Press.
Business Innovation and Skills (2012). Business Population
Estimated for the UK and Regions 2012. Department of Business
Innovation and Skills. Retrieved on February 14th 2013 from
http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/statistics/docs/b/12-92-bpe-2012-stats-release.pdf
Castka, P., Balzarova, M. A., Bamber, C. J., & Sharp, J. M.
(2004). How can SMEs effectively implement the CSR agenda? A UK
case study perspective. Corporate Social Responsibility and
Environmental Management, 11(3), 140-149.
Close, A. G., & Kukar-Kinney, M. (2010). Beyond buying:
Motivations behind consumers’ online shopping cart use. Journal of
Business Research, 63(9), 986-992.
Creyer, E. H. (1997). The influence of firm behaviour on purchase
intention: do consumers really care about business ethics? Journal
of Consumer Marketing, 14(6), 421-432.
Culnan, M. J., & Armstrong, P. K. (1999). Information privacy
concerns, procedural fairness, and impersonal trust: An empirical
investigation. Organisation Science, 10(1), 104-115.
Daniel, E., Wilson, H., & Myers, A. (2002). Adoption of
E-Commerce by SMEs in the UK Towards a Stage Model. International
Small Business Journal, 20(3), 253-270.
Ferrell, O. C., & Hartline, M. (2010). Marketing strategy. USA:
South-Western Cengage Learning.
Gefen, D. (2000). E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust.
Omega, 28(6), 725-737.
Glaser, B. G. (2008). Conceptualization: On theory and theorizing
using grounded theory. International Journal of Qualitative
Methods, 1(2), 23-38.
Grunert, K. G. (1997). What’s in a steak? A cross-cultural study on
the quality perception of beef. Food Quality and Preference, 8(3),
157-174.
Harrison McKnight, D., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002). The
impact of initial consumer trust on intentions to transact with a
web site: a trust building model. The Journal of Strategic
Information Systems, 11(3), 297-323.
Joseph, M., Sekhon, Y., Stone, G., & Tinson, J. (2005). An
exploratory study on the use of banking technology in the UK: A
ranking of importance of selected technology on consumer perception
of service delivery performance. International Journal of Bank
Marketing, 23(5), 397-413.
Kardes, F. R., Cronley, M. L & Cline, T. W. (2011). Consumer
Behaviour. USA: South Western Cengage Learning.
Kim, D. J., Ferrin, D. L., & Rao, H. R. (2008). A trust-based
consumer decision-making model in electronic commerce: The role of
trust, perceived risk, and their antecedents. Decision support
systems, 44(2), 544-564.
Kracher, B., & Corritore, C. L. (2009). Is there a special
e-commerce ethics? Business Ethics Quarterly, 14(1), 71-94.
Limayem, M., Khalifa, M., & Frini, A. (2000). What makes
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So, M. W., & Sculli, D. (2002). The role of trust, quality,
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