Question

A.Explain the role of the Lymphatic system in the spread of breast cancer and its surgical treatment?
B. If the genes that produce toll-like receptors (TLRs) were abnormal, what effect might that have on a person's immunity?
C. what is the mechanism for proper function of the Lymphatic system? how might a specific disease affect the structure?
I want a reference for study purpose. Thank you.

Answer 1

A. ) The lymphatic system is also known as body's secondary circulatory system . The lymphatic system plays a role in breast cancer as components of this system called lymph nodes are distributed at specific locations throughout the body . There is also an extensive network of lymphatic vessels in the breast tissue of women that is very important in regulating the local fluid balance as well as in filtering out harmful substances . these lymph vessels in breast can badly supply cancerous cells with the access to a high growing and with this cancerous cells can move or move to other parts of the body and this process is known as metastasis and will further result in formation of cancer mass in different parts of the body . The lymph channels that carry blood and fluid back and forth from the breast tissues to the rest of the body . When the breast cancer cells break into blood vessels or lymph channels , this increases the risk of the cancer travelling outside the breast or comes back in the future and this is known as lymph invasions . Breast cancer spread with lymph nodes are under the arm , inside the breast and near the collar bone are the most specially effected areas , it can further spreads to other parts of the body .  

B). The innate immunity system recognizes microbes by a class of proteins such as toll like receptors (TLRs) molecules found on the surface and within the cells . They recognize microbes by forming pairs with each other , after recognizing TLRs begins a chemical reactions that allows the signals to enter the innate immunity cell and further allows it to kill the microbes . If these molecules are defective then innate immunity cannot kill the microbe and the patient will suffer recurrent infections . TLRs send internal messages to the nucleus of the cell to secrete the cytokines , which stimulate the immune system to stop microorganisms from invading . Many TLRs immunodeficiency are under /in which cellular proteins does not transfer message and result in failure of the production of cytokines in response to bacterial infection or virus or any other. This also plays a role in allergy, asthama m atherosclerosis , HIV infection etc . TLRs can also lead to mutations in them and thus they further binds to viral RNA in some cases .

C). The lymphatic system is a series of vessels , ducts and trunks which removes the interstitial fluid from the tissues and return back to the blood . This system is also known as second circulatory system . It transport white blood cells to and from lymph nodes into the bones . It absorbs and transport fatty acids from digestive system .

Lymphadenopathy :- it is enlargement of lymph nodes ., swelling due to lymph node blockage

Hodgkins lymphoma :- cancer of lymphatic system

Non-hodgkins lymphoma :- malignant cancer in lymph nodes

penetitis :- it is an infection of the lymph nodes

Lymphangitis :- inflammation of lymph vessels

Lymphedema :- chronic pooling of lymph fluid of tissues

Lymphocytosis :- it is high lymphocyte count