Question

1. Explain how the Physical Layer of the OSI model works.

2. Identify which layer of the OSI model the IP Protocol and HTTP operates.

3. Identify the layer of the OSI model a router operates.

4. Explain the difference between IPCONFIG vs. IPCONFIG /ALL.

5. Explain the purpose of an IPv4 loopback address and how it works.

6. What TCP/IP utility would you use to find another computer’s IP address?

7. Explain the difference between a static route and a default route.

8. Explain the difference between a frame and packet and which layer of the OSI model they operate.

Answer 1

PHYSICAL LAYER:

The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI reference model. It is responsible for sending bits from one computer to another.

It performs various functions like:

1. Representation of bits: data here are in bits.
2. Data rate: it defines the number of bits per second.
3. Synchronization: here sender and receiver are synchronized at a bit level.
4. Interface: it specifies the transmission interface or medium between devices
5. Line configuration: point to point or multipoint configuration between devices.
6. Topologies: kind of arrangement of devices ( bus, ring, star, mesh)
7. Transmission modes: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.

Identify which layer of the OSI model the IP Protocol and HTTP operate?

The network layer operates IP/IPX protocols. The network layer is responsible for routing messages from one computer to another computer. the protocols used here are

IP in combination with TCP at the transport layer.

IPX with SPX at the transport layer in some old machines.

The Application layer operates HTTP protocols. The hypertext transfer protocol is used for sending and receiving webpages over the internet.

Explain the difference between IPCONFIG vs. IPCONFIG /ALL.

The IPCONFIG displays IP address and all TCP and IP networks whereas IPCONFIG/ALL displays the description of each network, DNS servers and networking adaptors.

Identify the layer of the OSI model a router operates.

A: Routers are generally operated at the network layer of the OSI model. For routing packets from sender to receiver. it maintains the routing table to maintain the traffic flows.

There are 3 different types of routing:

1. Static routing: Manually add routes in routing table.

2. Default routing: Here router is configured to send all packets towards a single router.

3. Dynamic routing: Automatic adjustment of the routes according to the current state of the route in the routing table.

Explain the purpose of an IPv4 loopback address and how it works.

A:

The IP address range 127.0. 0.0 – 127.255. 255.255 is reserved for loopback, i.e. a Host's self-address, also known as localhost address. This loopback IP address is managed entirely by and within the operating system.

look back address is a special IP number that is designated for the software loopback interface of a machine. It doesn't have hardware associated and connected to a network.

Packets sent on a loopback address are re-routed back to starting at the node without any changes.

What TCP/IP utility would you use to find another computer’s IP address?

A: "ipconfig" TCP/IP utility is used to find another computer's IP address.

It is used to display the TCP/IP network configuration values.

Explain the difference between a static route and a default route:

The static route is simply a route that is manually entered in the routing table where we believe the destination is good. whereas, the default route is like a router doesn't know what to do with the destination network, so the router will use the default route and hopes destination is good.

A static route is manually configured not dynamically learned. a static route can be the default route, the route to supernet, the route to a specific network, to a subnet or specific host.

The default route is a route that matches anything. it may be statically configured or may be advertised by a dynamic routing protocol.

Explain the difference between a frame and packet and which layer of the OSI model they operate.

A:

Frame	Packet
1. Data unit used in data link layer	1. The packet is a protocol data unit in the network layer.
2. They are formed in the data link layer.	2. They are formed in the network layer.
3. Framing involves source and destination MAC addresses.	3. Packetization involves source and destination IP addresses.
4. Frames encapsulate packets in the data link layer.	4. Packet encapsulates the segment in the network layer.