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4) If the bivariate relationship between the two variables remains about the same after controlling for...

4) If the bivariate relationship between the two variables remains about the same after controlling for the effect of one or more causally prior and theoretically relevant variables, then the original bivariate relationship is said to be a(n): (5 points)

a. spurious relationship.

b. independent association.

c. elaborately controlled association.

d. direct causal relationship.

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If the bivariate relationship between the two variables remains about the same after controlling for the effect of one or more causally prior and theoretically relevant variables, then the original bivariate relationship is said to be an

ANS: Option d is correct

d. direct casual relationship

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