Question

What is the active ingredient in the tooth paste or mouthwash?

what is the active igredient in the household cleaner?

What are some of the limitations of using ionizing radiationas a sterilization technique?

why would it not always be necessary to "sterilize" objects, and only sanitize them?

Answer 1

Answer(1)

The active ingredient in the toothpaste is sodium fluoride (NaF), and its percentage in toothpaste is between 0.10% and 0.15%. Cosmetic and therapeutic mouthwashes usually have fluoride, but in minimal doses. Fluoride dental washes contain higher percentages of fluoride.

Answer(2)

The most important or active ingredient to be for cleanser as cleaners work best in alkaline conditions, they often contain an alkaline buffer salt, such as sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate can also function as a builder. These cleaners can also contain other ingredients, such as water, the most common cleaning agent, which is a very powerful polar solvent,soap or detergent,ammonia solution,calcium hypochlorite (powdered bleach),ctric acid,sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach),sodium hydroxide (lye),acetic acid (vinegar).

Answer(3)

The limitations of using ionizing radiation as sterilization technique are:

(a).Scientists have known for more than 80 years that large doses of ionizing radiation can damage human tissues.

(b).Acute health effects, such as nausea, vomiting, skin and deep tissue burns, and impairment of the body's ability to fight infection may result within hours, days or weeks. The extent of the damage increases with dose.

(c). When atoms in living cells become ionized one of three things usually happen – the cell dies, the cell repairs itself, or the cell mutates incorrectly and can become cancerous. Not all cells are affected by ionizing radiation in the same way.

(d).Capital expenses are high and specific facilities are regularly required. Gamma radiation requires an nuclear reactor;E-beam/X-ray radiation are generated using electron beam accelerators.

(e).Regular plastics, for example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acetal and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are touchy to gamma radiation. The high energies engaged with e-beam radiation can likewise lead to fundamental chain scission (breaking of the long chain backbone) and chemical crosslinking of packaging polymers.

Answer(4)

Sterilization means completely killing or removal of all viable organism.Sterilization is using chemicals, temperature, gas and/or pressure to kill or inactivate all disease-causing bacteria, spores, fungi and viruses.Milk is not sterilized, it is pasteurized.

Sanitation on the other hand does not affect some spores and viruses.A practical method of sanitizing hands is to wash them with soap under running hot water for at least 20 seconds. Sanitation is reduction of microbial population to levels deemed safe based on standards