Question

Hi

i need a research about any subject related to one of these subject:

• energy methods
• finite element

the research contain  the following

1. Abstract
2. introduction: literatur review
3. methodology
4. result and discussion
5. conclucions
6. references

Answer 1

A Paper Review on Finite Element Analysis with Fatigue Characteristics of

Composite Multi-Leaf

Nitesh Panchal1, Dr. Akash Mohanty2

P.G. Student, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India1

Associate Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India2

Abstract- The aim of this review paper is to represent a general study on the design, analysis of leaf spring. In passenger

vehicles ride comfort and load carrying capacity, rigidity is important considerations. Vehicle comfort depends upon the

suspension system. Suspension system in automobile significantly affects the behaviour of vehicle. Leaf springs are perhaps

the simplest and are less expensive compared to other suspension. Leaf spring is there-fore an important aspect in the

suspension system design. Due to variation of load leaf springs are one of the most dynamically stressed components in

automobile therefore quality of vehicle ride depends upon the leaf spring characteristics used in suspension unit,

Performance measures of any leaf springs are its stiffness and fatigue life. This paper present analysis of leaf spring used in

light commercial vehicle

Keywords: Composite Leaf Spring, Suspension, FEA, Fatigue Life.

INTRODUCTION

In the present paper the main focus of automobile manufacturers is to improve life of the automobile. Fatigue failure is the

predominant mode in-service failure of many automobile components. This is due to the fact that the automobile components

are subjected to several of fatigue loads like shocks caused due to road irregularities traced by the road wheels, the sudden

loads due to the wheel traveling over the bumps etc.Springs are crucial suspension elements on vehicles, necessary to

minimize the vertical vibrations, impacts and bumps due to road irregularities and create a comfortable ride The leaf springs

are more affected due to fatigue loads, as they are a part of the unstrung mass of the automobile. Performance measures of

any leaf springs are its stiffness and fatigue life. Life of leaf spring can be achieved mainly by introducing the new material,

changing design parameter and manufacturing processes. These springs are usually formed by stacking leafs of steel, in

progressively longer lengths on top of each other, so that the spring is thick in the middle to resist bending and thin at the end

where it attaches to the body. A leaf spring should support various kinds of external forces but the most important task is to

resist the variable vertical forces.

Composite materials are superior to all other known structure materials in specific strength and stiffness, high temperature

strength, fatigue strength and other properties. The desired combination of properties can be tailored in advance and realized

in the manufacture of a particular material. Moreover, the material can be shaped in this process as close as possible to the

form of final products or even structural units. Composite materials are complex materials whose components differ strongly

from each other in the properties, are mutually insoluble or only slightly soluble and divided by distinct boundaries.

Therefore analysis of composite material leaf springs has become essential in showing the comparative results with steel leaf

spring. The past literature survey shows that leaf springs are designed as generalized force elements where the position,

velocity and orientation of the axle mounting gives the reaction forces in the chassis attachment positions.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Many research papers have been published on the composite leaf spring and fatigue testing of leaf springs. A detailed review

of some selected research papers is presented.

Mahmood M. Shokrieh, Davood Rezaei [1] a four-leaf steel spring used in the rear suspension system of light vehicles is

analysed using ANSYS V5.4 software. The finite element results showing stresses and deflections verified the existing

analytical and experimental solutions. Using the results of the steel leaf spring, a composite one made from fiberglass with

epoxy resin is designed and optimized using ANSYS. Main consideration is given to the optimization of the spring geometry.

The objective was to obtain a spring with minimum weight that is capable of carrying given static external forces without

failure. The results showed that the optimum spring width decreases hyperbolically and the thickness increases linearly from

spring eye towards the axle seat. The stresses in the composite leaf spring are much lower than that of the steel spring.

Compared to the steel leaf spring (9.2 kg) the optimized composite leaf spring without eye units weights nearly 80% less than

the steel spring. The natural frequency of composite leaf spring is higher than that of the steel leaf spring and is far enough

from the road frequency to avoid the resonance.

Sabapathy Vijayarangan [2] this paper describes static and fatigue analysis of steel leaf spring and composite multi leaf

spring made up of glass fibre reinforced polymer using life data analysis. Static analysis of 2-D model of conventional leaf

spring is also performed using ANSYS 7.1 and compared with experimental results. Compared to steel spring, the composite

leaf spring is found to have 67.35 % lesser stress, 64.95 % higher stiffness and 126.98 % higher natural frequency than that of

existing steel leaf spring. A weight reduction of 68.15 % is also achieved by using composite leaf spring. It is also concluded

that fatigue life of composite is more than that of steel leaf spring.

Syed Altaf Hussain [3] this paper show that design and analysis of composite multi leaf spring. Weight reduction is now the

main issue in automobile industries. In the present work, the dimensions of an existing mono steel leaf spring of a Maruti 800

passenger vehicle is taken for modelling and analysis of a laminated composite mono leaf spring. Compared to mono steel

leaf spring the laminated composite mono leaf spring is found to have 47% lesser stresses, 25%~65% higher stiffness,

27%~67% higher frequency and weight reduction of 73%~80% is achieved.

Zheng Yinhuan, XueKa [4] this paper analyses the mechanics characteristic of a composite leaf spring made from glass fiber

reinforced plastics using the ANSYS software. Considering interleaf contact, the stress distribution and deformation are

obtained. Taking the single spring as an example, comparison between the performance of the GFRP and the steel spring is

presented. The comparison results show that the composite spring has lower stresses and much lower weight. Then the

automotive dead weight is reduced observably and stress of composite leaf spring is lower than steel spring and its resistance

to fatigue ability is much stronger.

H.A. Al-Qureshi [5] work on The development of a GFRP single leaf spring having constant width, where the stress level at

any station in the leaf spring is considered constant due to the parabolic tape of the thickness of the spring, has proved to be

very effective. This study demonstrated that composites can be used for leaf springs for light trucks (jeeps) and meet the

requirements, together with substantial weight saving. Other work has shown that composite leaf springs have better fatigue

behaviour than steel springs. Needless to say, the hybridization technique can be used effectively to improve weight saving

and performance in the automotive industry.

Shishay Amare Gebremeskel [6] Reducing weight while increasing or maintaining strength of products is getting to be highly

important research issue in this modern world. Composite materials are one of the material families which are attracting

researchers and being solutions of such issue. In this project reducing weight of vehicles and increasing or maintaining the

strength of their spare parts was considered. The fatigue life of the designed single E-glass/ Epoxy composite leaf spring is

predicted and obtained as N= 221.16*103 cycles. This shows the acceptable life or good resistance of the material to failure

under fatigue loading. Table [2] show us the comparison of the strength properties with the design and simulation results.

When we compare the values, tabulated in Table [2] above both the design and simulation stress values are much less than

that of strength properties of the material. Therefore the maximum stress failure criterion is satisfied, hence safe design of the

product.

RESULTS

This work is carried out on multi leaf springs having nine leaves used by a commercial vehicle. This project describes design and experimental analysis of composite leaf spring made of glass fibre reinforced polymer. The objective is to compare the load carrying capacity. Stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring with that of steel leaf spring Finite element analysis with full load on 3-D model of composite multileaf spring is done using ANSYS 14.5 and the analytical results are compared with experimental results. Compared to steel spring, the composite leaf spring is found to have 67.35% lesser stress, 64.95% higher stiffness and 126.98% higher naturalfrequency than that of existing steel leaf spring. A weight reduction of 76.4% is achieved by using optimized composite leaf spring. Composite leaf spring reduces the weight by 85 % for E-Glass/Epoxy, over conventional leaf spring.

CONCLUSION

From the literature review it is seen that the objective was to obtain a spring with minimum weight that is capable of

carrying given static external forces by constraints limiting stresses and displacements and the performance of steel leaf spring was compared with the composite leaf spring using analytical and experimental results.

1. FEA are used for prediction about the total life cycle and fatigue life of composite and steel leaf spring. Results show that the composite leaf spring is lighter than conventional steel leaf spring with similar design specifications but not always is cost effective over their steel counterparts.
2. Also observed that, the suspension system in a vehicle significantly affects the behaviour of vehicle that’s vibration characteristics including ride comfort, stability etc.
3. This research of papers is helpful in calculations of stress, strain, deflection and frequencies, bending moment of composite leaf spring. Comparative analysis of the performance of the system over experimental details
4. Conclusion will be drawn on the basis of theoretical and experimental results of leaf spring.
5. A comparative study has been made between composite leaf spring and steel leaf spring with respect to stress and deflection.
6. By looking all related research papers its observed that a composite leaf spring for the same load carrying capacity, 50-80% reduction in stresses and 20-40% reduction in deflection and reduction in weight about 60-8%.

REFERENCES

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[2] Sabapathy Vijayarangan, Senthil Kumar“Analytical and Experimental Studies on Fatigue Life Prediction of Steel and

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International Journal of Advance Research in Engineering, Science & Technology (IJAREST)

Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2016, e-ISSN: 2393-9877, print-ISSN: 2394-2444

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