Question

please answer question 1, 2 and 3

please answer quedtion 1, 2 and 3 chapter 8.

o identifying alternatives. o evaluating alternatives. o selecting the best alternative. o implementing the chosen alternative. o following up and evaluating the effectiveness of the alternative after it is implemented Discussion Questions Questions for Review 1. Describe the differences between programmed and nonprogrammed decisions. What are the implications of these differences for decision makers? 2. Describe the behavioral nature of decision making. Be certain to provide some detail about political forces, risk propensity, ethics, and commitment in your description Questions for Analysis 5. Was your decision about what college or university to attend a rational decision? Did you go through each step in rational decision making? If not, why not? 6. Most business decisions are made under conditions of either risk or uncertainty. In your opinion, is it easier to and compared both advantages disadvantages to indi- vidual decision making. e Managers can adopt a number of strategies t help groups and teams make better decisions. 3. What is meant by the term escalation of commitment? In your opinion, under what conditions is escalation of commitment likely to occur? 4. Explain the differences between three common meth- ods of group decision making-interacting groups, Del- phi groups, and nominal groups make a decision under a condition of risk or a condition of uncertainty? Why? 7. Consider the following list of business decisions. Which decisions would be handled most effectively by group or team decision making? Which would be handled most

Answer 1

1. Programmed are decisions which are of routine and repetitive in nature. There are various rules and procedures are described for taking various decisions in the case of programmed decisions. Programmed decisions are relatively easy to make as they have previously been made by a manager in an organization. They also have very high success rate and they are less time consuming.

Whereas non-programmed decisions are those which deals with complex problems and are considered as very risky in nature as the managers are not encountering with them on a daily basis. They are non repetitive and are unique in nature that are to be handled with extreme care. Every stage in a non programmed decision making is to be taken separately by analyzing and evaluating each problem carefully and discretely.

The various implications both programmed and non-programmed decisions are to have on decision maker also different. In the case of a programmed decision, there are lesser chances that anything may go wrong and cause critical situations in an organization. Beforehand experience is there in this case. But, the case of non-programmed decision is different. Keen caution must be maintained while dealing with non programmed decision. More time must be spend in allocating resources and administering people because of the complexity of the nature of decision.

2. Decision making is the act of choosing one alternative from a set of alternatives that are available. Decision making is interdisciplinary in nature which includes psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, socio-psychology, etc. In most of the cases, decisions are made with rational thinking and logical analysis of the situation. Whereas in some cases when the decisions are made without much logical thinking also, it turn out to be true. Decision making could also be precise due to intuition or gut feeling.

Political forces are another major component that has a behavioral aspect in the decision making. By forming coalition, different groups aiming to achieve the same goal can work towards it. In most of the cases in the political scenario, coalition is the most suitable and best adopted method.

Risk propensity is the extent up to which the decision maker is willing to take risk while making a decision. The more risk you take better will be the outcome and productivity, if the decision works out well. Otherwise, the adverse impact that it could have on the subjects are very high.

Ethics is what a person believes regarding the right of wrong behavior. Evidently, the various decisions that a person makes vary according to the values and ethics that person holds for himself. What one person finds ethical might not be the same in the case of another person. Likewise the decisions based on ethics will also change.

Commitment is the level of dedication or involvement towards an issue or situation. The intensity of commitment towards an issue is how keenly a person is interested in taking decisions in that matter and formulates various strategies to solve the issue.

3. Escalation of commitment is a human behavior pattern in which a person refuses to behave in a different way, no matter what outcomes those actions have. Even though their actions are imparting negative impact, the person chooses to stick on to that particular behavior, no matter what. This mostly occurs when we invest our resources into a failing venture and is in a striving stage to show that you are not inconsistent. The 3 basic reasons due to which escalation of commitment can occur are:

1. Perpetual biases – When people tend to confirm their already existing information without the help of ample resources and information from the exterior environment.
2. Judgmental biases – On the basis of various arguments made, conclusions are obtained which could not be correct. This could lead to escalation of commitment.
3. Impression management – In order to maintain a consistent and stable image, people tend to stick on to their old decisions and behavior with no intention to change. This could eventually lead to escalation of commitment.