Question

Summarize Information Below In Your Own Words Circadian Rhythm-Dependent Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Short-term Memory Latency was higher in the treadmill exercise groups than in the control group; moreover, latency in the ZT6-Ex group and in the ZT13-Ex group was higher than in the ZT1-Ex group (Fig. 2A). Treadmill exercise improved short term memory, and this effect was more potent in mice who exercised dring the day or in the evening than at dawn. 300 500 300 100 100 CON ZTI-EX ZT6-EX ZT13-EX 10 CON ZTI-EX ZT6-EX ZT13-EX Fig. 2. Effects of treadmill exercise on short-term memory and spatial learning ability. (A) Latency in the step-down avoidance test. (B) Time to complete performance in the radial 8-arm maze test. (C) Number of correct choices in the radial 8-arm maze test. (D) Number of erroneous choices in the radial 8-arm maze test. CON, control group ZT1-Ex, treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 1 group: ZT6-Ex, treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 6 group: ZT13-Ex treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 13 group. Different letters (a-c) denote statistically significant differences Circadian Rhythm-Dependent Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Spatial Learning Ability The time to complete performance was shorter in the treadmill execise groups than in the control group; moreover this time was shorter in the ZT6-Ex g number of correct choices was higher in the treadmill exercise groups t higher in the ZT6-Ex group and in th choices was lower in the treadmill exercise groups than in the control group, a Ex group and in the ZT13-Ex group than in the ZT1-Ex group (Fig. 2D). Treadmill exercise improved spatial learning ability, and this effect was more potent in mice who exercised during the day or in the evening than at dawn roup and in the ZT13-Ex g than in the ZTl-Ex group (Fig. 2B). The han in the control group and this number waS e ZT13-Ex up than in the ZT1-Ex group (Fig. 2C). The nu nd this number was lower in the ZT6- Circadian Rhythm-Dependent Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Neurogenesis Photomicrographs of BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus are presented in Fig. 3. The number of BrdU-positive cells was higher in the treadmil higher in the ZT6-Ex group and in the ZT13-Ex group than in the ZT1-Ex group (Fig. 3). Treadmill exercise increased hippocampal neurogenesis, and this effect was more potent in mice who exercised during the day or in the evening than at dawn. Il exercise groups than in the control group , and this number was NeuN BrdU Merge CON ZT1-EX ZT6-EX ZT 13-EX 300 200 100 CON ZT1-EX ZT-EX ZT13-EX B Fig. 3. Effects of treadmill exercise on neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. (A) Photomicrographs of BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus region. The scale bar represents 200 m. (B) Number of Ils in each group. CON, control group: ZT -Ex, treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 1 group ; ZT6-Ex treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 6 group; ZT13-Ex, treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 13 group; NeuN, neuronal nuclei; BrdU. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuidine. Different letters (a-c) denote statistically significant differences. Circadian Rhythm-Dependent Effects of Treadmill Exercise on BDNF, TrkB, p-CREB, Egr-1, PSD95, and GAP43 Expression hippocampus was greater in the treadmill exercise BDNF expression i increase was greater in the ZT6-Ex group and in the ZT13-Ex group than in the ZT1-Ex group (Fig. 4A). TrkB expression in the hippocampus was greater in the treadmll exercise groups differences were found among the exercise groups (Fig. 4B) p-CREB expression in the hippocampus was greater iin the in the ZT6.Ex group Ex group (Fig. 4C). Egr-1 expression in the hippocampus was greater in the in the ZT6-Ex group and in the ZT13- Ex in the greater in the ZT6-Ex group and in the ZT13-Ex group than in the ZT1-Ex group (Fig. 4E). GAP43 expression in the hippocampus was greater in the in the ZT6-Ex group and in the ZT13-Ex group than in the control group, but this effect was not found in the ZT1-Ex group (Fig. 4F). Treadmill exercise increased the expression of hippocampal plasticity-associated proteins, and this effect was more potent in mice who exercised during the day or in the evening than at dawn. a in the control group, and this Il exercise groups than in the control group: however, no as not found in the ZT1 ad in he ZT-Ex group (Fig. 4D). PSD95 expression and in the ZT13-Ex group than the control group, but this effect w a in the control group, but this effect was not fo ippocampus was greater in the treadmi Il exercise groups than in the control group, and this increase was CON ZTI-EX ZT6-EX ZT13-EX -actin -actin p-CREB 1.5 L.O 0.5 CON ZTI-EXZT6-EX ZT13-EX CON ZTI-EX ZT6-EX ZT13-EX CON ZTI-EX ZT6-EX ZTI3-EX -actin 2.0 LO CON 2TI-EX ZT6 EX ZT13-EX CON ZTI-EX ZT6-EX ZT13-EX F Fig. 4. Effects of treadmill exercise on synaptic plasticity-associated proteins in the hippocampus. Beta-actin was used as an internal control (46 kDa). (A) BDNF expression. (B) TrkB expression. (C) p-CREB expression. (D) Egr- 1 expression. (E) PSD95 expression. (F) GAP43 expression. CON, control group: ZT1-Ex, treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 1 group: BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor: TrkB, tyrosine kinase receptor B; p-CREB, phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein; Egr-1, early growth response protein 1; PSD95, postsynaptic density protein 95 GAP43, growth-associated protein 43. Different letters (a-c) denote statistically signi ficant differences group: ZT6-Ex, treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 6 g ZT13-Ex, treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 13

Answer 1

Latency in the step-down avoidance task was decreased in the rats born of the LPS-exposed maternal rats. Treadmill exercise at mild-intensity and moderate-intensity increased latency in the step-down avoidance task in the rats born of the LPS-exposed maternal rats. Treadmill exercise exerted no significant effect on the latency in the rats born of the normal maternal rats.

Neurogenesis in the granular cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus was decreased in the rats born of the LPS-exposed maternal rats. Treadmill exercise at mild-intensity and moderate-intensity enhanced neurogenesis in the granular cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in the rats born of the LPS-exposed maternal rats. Treadmill exercise at mild-intensity and moderate-intensity enhanced neurogenesis in the granular cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in the rats born of the normal maternal rats

BDNF expression in the hippocampus was decreased in the rats born of the LPS-exposed maternal rats. Treadmill exercise at mild-intensity increased BDNF expression in the rats born of the LPS-exposed maternal rats. Treadmill exercise at mild-intensity suppressed BDNF expression in the rats born of the normal maternal rats, in contrast, treadmill exercise at moderate-intensity enhanced BDNF expression in the rats born of the normal maternal rats

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