Question

Answer all four questions in essay form. Each question is worth 25 points and should be about 1-2 paragraphs (200-300 words). Aim for clarity, accuracy, and sufficient thoroughness, exhibiting that you have mastered the relevant material. You may use the class texts and notes; however, no collaboration with one another or use of other texts is allowed. This rule is especially true of internet sources: Absolutely no use of internet sources, not even for reference! You'll be submitting your exam electronically as a single document (.doc, .docx, .pdf, or.rtf). Make sure to list the exam questions above each of your responses. 1. What are the key differences between Aristotle's geocentric and Copernicus' heliocentric models of the universe? 2. What were some of the empirical reasons that Copernicus and Galileo preferred a sun-centered theory of the universe to the Ptolemaic theory? In what ways do aesthetic qualities (elegance, simplicity, symmetry, etc.) factor into Copernicus' decision to favor heliocentrism? 3. What conclusion is Salviati attempting to prove with the example of the stone falling from the top of the tower and from the mast of the ship (in Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems)? Explain how he supports this conclusion. 4. In what way does gravity "act at a distance" for Newton? How does this view differ from Aristotle's idea of falling objects in the "sublunary" realm?

Answer 1

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