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Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa (Active Learning Template - System Disorder, RM MH RN 10.0 Chp 19)

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ACTIVE LEARNING TEMPLATE System Disorder STUDENT NAME REVIEW MODULE CHAPTER DISORDER/DISEASE PROCESS Pathophysiology Related

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Eating disorder - Bulimia Nervosa

Behavioral disorder characterized by eating binges followed by feelings of guilt, humiliation, self-deprecation, and depression

Self-induced vomiting; the use of laxatives, enemas, or diuretics; or strict dieting or fasting to overcome the effects of binges

Seldom incapacitating

Two types: purging (binging followed by self-induced vomiting, laxative or enemas use, or diuretic use) and nonpurging (binging followed by sharply restricted diet or vigorous exercise)

# Pathophysiology :-

Decreased caloric intake depletes body fat and protein stores.

Estrogen deficiency occurs in women due to lack of lipid substrate for synthesis, causing amenorrhea.

Testosterone levels fluctuate in men, causing decreased erectile function and sperm count.

Ketoacidosis occurs from increased use of fat as energy fuel.

# Causes :-

Exact cause unknown

Most likely a combination of biological, psychological, environmental, and social factors

# RiskFactors :-

Female gender

History of obesity and dieting

Body dissatisfaction

Severe life stressors

Societal, environmental, and cultural overemphasis on physical appearance

Family disturbance or conflict

Maladaptive learned behavior

Parental obesity

Sexual abuse

Struggle for control or self-identity

# Complications :-

Arrhythmias

Cardiac failure

Dehydration

Dental caries

Electrolyte imbalances

Erosion of tooth enamel

Esophageal tears

Gastric dilation and rupture

Gum infections

Mucosal damage to intestine

Osteopenia

Osteoporosis

Parotitis

Stress fracture

Sudden death

Suicide

# Alterations :-

Thin slightly overweight, or obese

Amenorrhea

Bradycardia

Epigastric tenderness on palpation

Painless swelling of the salivary glands

Unusual swelling of the cheeks or jaw area

Hoarseness

Loss of dental enamel

Throat irritation or lacerations

Calluses of the knuckles or abrasions and scars on the dorsum of the hand, known as Russell sign (see Recognizing bulimic patients)

Hair loss

Xerosis

# Diagnostic Test Results-Laboratory

Serum electrolyte studies may show elevated bicarbonate and decreased potassium, chloride, magnesium, sodium, calcium, and phosphate levels.

Serum amylase levels may be elevated.

Blood glucose levels may be decreased.

Blood urea nitrogen levels may be increased.

Urine specific gravity may be increased.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate may be decreased.

# Treatment :-

- Cognitive behavioural therapy

- Interpersonal therapy

- Supportive - expressive therapy

- Tricyclic antidepressants

- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

- Guided self help

# Nursing Interventions :-

- Monitor weight, vital signs, and electrolytes (K+)

- Assist client to learn strategies, other than eating, for dealing with feelings (journaling)

- Encourage client to express feelings of anger

- Discuss strategies to stop vomiting and laxative use

- Use positive reinforcement to build self-esteem and develop a realistic body image

- Promote family therapy (especially if client is 18 years of age or less)

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