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Neurocognitive Disorders: Expected Findings of Alzheimer's Disease (Active Learning Template - System Disorder, RM MH RN 10.0 Chp 17)

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ACTIVE LEARNING TEMPLATE System Disorder STUDENT NAME REVIEW MODULE CHAPTER DISORDER/DISEASE PROCESS Pathophysiology Related

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Answer #1

Systemic disease - Alzheimer's disease is a progressive , irreversible , degenerative neurologic disease that begins insidiously and is characterized by gradual losses of cognitive function and disturbances in behaviour and affect .

# Alteration in health include :-

- forgetfulness

- subtle memory loss

- patient gets lost in a familiar environment

- repeats the same stories

- conversation becomes difficult

- word -finding difficulties

- ability to formulate concepts and think abstractly disappears

- patient may exhibit inappropriate impulsive behaviour

- personality changes

- patient becomes depressed , suspicious ,paranoid , hostile and combative

- speaking skills deteriorate

- agitation and physical activity increase

- eventually patient requires assisstance in activity of daily living

# Pathophysiology :-

Alzheimer's disease attacks nerves and brain cells as well as neurotransmitters. The destruction of these parts causes clumps of protein to form around the brain cells . These clumps are known as plaques and bundles . The presence of plaques and bundles start to destroy more connection between the brain cells ,which make the condition worse . It causes degenerative changes and neuron loss causing dementia .

# Health promotion and disease prevention :-

- provide a safe environment to allow patient to move about as freely as possible

- prevent falls and other accidents by removing obvious hazards

- provide adequate lighting

- install handrails

- prohibit driving

- prohibit smoking

- reduce wandering behavior with gentle persuasion and distraction

- supervise all activities

- avoid restraints

- ensure that patient wears an identification bracelet

- simplify daily activities into short achievable steps

- maintain patients dignity and autonomy

- reducing anxiety and agitation by promoting emotional support

- providing calm environment

- keep the environment simple , familiar and noise free limit changes

- improving communication by reducing noises and distractions and use easy to understand sentences to convey messages .

- Promoting adequate nutrition

- balance activity and and rest

- promoting socialization

# Risk factors :-

- increasing age

- genetics

- neurotransmitter changes

- vascular abnormality

- stress hormone

- environmental factors

- dietary factors

- inflammatory factors

- head trauma

# Laboratory tests :-

- complete blood cell count

- chemistry profile

- vitamin B12

- thyroid hormone levels

- examination of CSF

# Diagnostic procedures :-

- Clinical symptoms are found through health history

- Mini -Mental Status Examination

- Electroencephalography

- Computed tomography

- Magnetic resonance imaging

# Medical management :-

- Cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil hydrochloride, rivastigmine tartrate , galantamine hysrobromide ,tacrine . These drugs enhance acetylcholine uptake in the brain to maintain memory skills

- Donepezil and the newest medication meantime can be used for management of moderate to severe AD symptoms .

# Nursing Interventions :-

provide a safe environment to allow patient to move about as freely as possible

- prevent falls and other accidents by removing obvious hazards

- provide adequate lighting

- install handrails

- prohibit driving

- prohibit smoking

- reduce wandering behavior with gentle persuasion and distraction

- supervise all activities

- avoid restraints

- ensure that patient wears an identification bracelet

- simplify daily activities into short achievable steps

- maintain patients dignity and autonomy

- reducing anxiety and agitation by promoting emotional support

- providing calm environment

- keep the environment simple , familiar and noise free limit changes

- improving communication by reducing noises and distractions and use easy to understand sentences to convey messages .

- Promoting adequate nutrition

- balance activity and and rest

- promoting socialization

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