Question

1. The infectious microorgarnisis lat Caluig damage are known as: 2. Some bacteria are protected by an extra structure to resist phagocytosis. This structure is known as: 3. The system that fights against this bacterial structure (in question #2) to render the bacterium more susceptible is known as: 4. Most epithelial surfaces are associated with a normal flora of non-pathogenic bacteri We have learned to live with these known as: bacteria as they are not harmful to us. 5. Obligate intracellular pathogens such as: must invade the host cell in order to replicate, whereas facultative pathogens such as: can replicate either inside or outside of the cell. 6. Deadly infections that can be transferred to humans via the animal reservoir (such as SARS or the Avian Bird Flu) are known as: infections. 7. The phagocytic cells that are relatively short lived, and abundant in the blood vessels at the site of infection are They are the first to . appear during inflammation. 8. Proteins that are secreted by cells of the innate and adaptive immune response, and help to mediate many cellular functions are: 9. The coating of a foreign antigen with proteins that help facilitate phagocytos known as: 10. The first catalytic enzyme that is produced in all three of the Complement pathways Is:

Answer 1

Answer for question number 2 : The structure found in some bacteria that protects them from phagocytosis is CAPSULE.

Explanation : Capsule is the slime or gelly layer found surrounded to the cells walls in some bacteria. It is thick, gummy, and mucilaginous and is secreted by the plasma membrane. Capsules have several functions which includes, Capsules mediate adherence of cells to surfaces, Capsules also protect bacterial cells from engulfment by predatory protozoa or white blood cells (phagocytes), or from attack by antimicrobial agents of plant or animal origin.Capsules in certain soil bacteria protect cells from perennial effects of drying or desiccation. Antiphagocytic in nature (The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages). This protects the bacterium, even within phagocytes, helping to prevent the cell from being killed.Examples of capsulated bacteria: Streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilus influenza, and klebsiella pneumonia.

Answer for question number 3 : Immune system fights against this structure through a process called opsonisation.

Explanation : Opsonization is defined as the process of promotion of phagocytosis of particulate antigens by macrophages and neutrophils, is an important factor in antibacterial defenses.opsonisation renders the antigens more susceptible to phagocytosis and also undergo rapid destruction. Opsonins may be antibodies or compliment components. For example, IgG (IgG1 and IgG3) which can bind with a high affinity Fc receptors on the phagocytic cells enhances phagocytosis of antigens by binding them and C3b is the major opsonin of the compliment system .