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2. G-proteins. How do G-proteins act as signal transducers and amplify a signal? 2. G-proteins. How do G-proteins act as signal transducers and amplify a signal?
5. What is the function of phosphatases in signal transduction processes? Amplify the transduction signal so it affects multiple transducers Amplify the second messengers such as CAMP Inactivate protein kinases and turn off the signal transduction Prevent a protein kinase from being reused when there is another extracellular signal Move the phosphate group of the transduction pathway to the next molecule of a series
Describe how the signal transduction pathway that involves G proteins is similar to the signal transduction pathway involving inositol triphosphate. In a second paragraph describe how these 2 signal transduction pathways differ from one another. In a third paragraph describe how these 2 pathways are turned off.
-Trace the general mechanism by which a signal transduction pathway occurs (i.e. from signaling molecule to response) Describe the two ways in which signaling proteins act as molecular switches -Which amino acid residues do kinases typically add phosphate groups? Distinguish between the two types of G proteins -What proteins regulate GTP-binding protein (G proteins) in terms of activation and inactivation? - Distinguish between the three main classes of cell surface receptors. -Trace the general mechanism by which a signal transduction...
Question 1: In what way(s) do complement proteins act as sensors? As effectors? Question 2: How does interferon (IFN) protect cells from viral attack?
In some ER proteins the signal sequence acts as a topogenic sequence. How do these sequences have a dual role regarding insertion into the lipid bilayer?
If you want to amplify a voltage signal using an op-amp, what mode would you use? How would you control the gain? Draw a circuit diagram that would allow you to amplify the input signal?
3. Think about what G-proteins look like before they bind to a G-protein-coupled receptor. These G-proteins would have...circle your answer GTP attached to them OR GDP attached to them (a) Think about what G-proteins look like after they bind to a G-protein-coupled receptor. These G-proteins would have...circle your answer GTP attached to them OR GDP attached to them (b) A molecule of GTP contains how many phosphate groups? (c) Think about a G-protein that has a GTP attached to it....
2) Design a BJT differential amplifier to amplify a differential input signal of 0.2 V and provide a differential output signal of 4 V. To ensure adequate linearity, it is required to limit the signal amplitude across each base-emitter junction to a maximum of 5 mV, note this means emitter resistors. Another design requirement is that the differential input resistance be at least 80 k22. The BJTs available are specified to have ß > 200. Give the circuit configuration and...
3. Describe general mechanism of G-protein-linked receptors activating G proteins to relay signal from extracellular space to cytosol. (4 points)
How do we determine the best phage concentration to use to amplify our phage by the 10-plate method?