Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or
physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of
molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed
by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular
response. Both involves in the second messanger. G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of integral transmembrane proteins that possess seven transmembrane domains and are linked to a heterotrimeric G protein. Signal transduction by a GPCR begins with an inactive G protein coupled to the receptor; the G protein exists as a heterotrimer consisting of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits.Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3 is an inositol phosphate signaling molecule. It is made by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a phospholipid that is located in the plasma membrane, by phospholipase C (PLC). Increases in the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are often a result of IP3 activation. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is coupled to a Gq heterotrimeric G protein, the α-subunit of Gq can bind to and induce activity in the PLC isozyme PLC-β, which results in the cleavage of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a major class of drug targets. Finally, GPCR signaling is the subject of regulation by RTKs and other tyrosine kinases, including tyrosine phosphorylation of GPCRs itself, of G proteins, and of downstream molecules such as members of the protein kinase C family.Together with diacylglycerol (DAG), IP3 is a second messenger molecule used in signal transduction in biological cells. While DAG stays inside the membrane, IP3 is soluble and diffuses through the cell, where it binds to its receptor, which is a calcium channel located in the endoplasmic reticulum. It is the result of decrease in the cellular response to a second messenger. The most obvious method for turning off a signal is the dissociation of the ligand from the receptor. Ligand dissociation can be induced (a cellular process),or can occur due to a decrease in the circulating ligand concentration. |
Describe how the signal transduction pathway that involves G proteins is similar to the signal transduction...
a) Describe the VEGFR signal transduction pathway. What is a RTK? How does it transmit an external signal to the interior of the cell? What is the response of the cell? b) How can signal transduction pathways can be used to explore and develop possible new drugs for breast cancer treatment?
1) how does the signal transduction pathway involves to increase the cytosolic Calcium soon after fertilization?
-Trace the general mechanism by which a signal transduction pathway occurs (i.e. from signaling molecule to response) Describe the two ways in which signaling proteins act as molecular switches -Which amino acid residues do kinases typically add phosphate groups? Distinguish between the two types of G proteins -What proteins regulate GTP-binding protein (G proteins) in terms of activation and inactivation? - Distinguish between the three main classes of cell surface receptors. -Trace the general mechanism by which a signal transduction...
5. What is the function of phosphatases in signal transduction processes? Amplify the transduction signal so it affects multiple transducers Amplify the second messengers such as CAMP Inactivate protein kinases and turn off the signal transduction Prevent a protein kinase from being reused when there is another extracellular signal Move the phosphate group of the transduction pathway to the next molecule of a series
How does cancer result from defects in the EGF activated signal transduction pathway?
The enzyme-coupled receptor pathway involves all of the following EXCEPT: second messengers Okinases O G proteins O proteins with SH2 domains
A) Draw and describe the Wnt signal transduction pathway i) with and ii) without ligand binding. Follow the molecules from the receptor, all the way into the nucleus. B) Summarize the formation of the dorsal axis in the Xenopus embryo beginning with the oocyte and proceeding through to the late blastula. Indicate where Wnt signaling is and is not activated. C) Explain the changes in gene expression that occur after Wnt activation and how these affect organizer genes and gastrulation....
2. G-proteins. How do G-proteins act as signal transducers and amplify a signal? 2. G-proteins. How do G-proteins act as signal transducers and amplify a signal?
-Describe how trimeric G proteins get activated and inactivated - Name the two common second messengers In what signaling pathways do these messengers get activated (Yes, you do need to know the names of the key players in the pathway!)? What can the second messenger then do? What two criteria are needed for activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase? -Describe how monomeric Ras is activated and what does Ras do upon activation. (Again, you must know the signaling pathway) -Describe...
C. Physiology of Gustation: The sense of taste involves signal transduction of chemicals in food into electrical signals that can be sent to the CNS (Figures 15.5-15.6). 1. Taste sensations: taste relies on the detection of the following five classes of chemicals: and 2. Detection of taste begins when: Taste receptors are classified by the substance to which they detect, with only one type of receptor associated with an individual gustatory cell. 3. Activation of taste receptors. A substance must...