Question

* Please only answer if you can provide DETAIL, thank you so much!!

Identify and explain in detail any causes that you believe may be associated with these cellular problems in one cell.

Cellular Dysfunctions:

Decreased PH In Cytosol Below The Normal Range

- Decreased PH In Mitochondria

-Decreased pH in cytosol below the normal range -

Decreased pH in mitochondria below the normal range

-Increase in Hydrolysis

-Inherited Autosomal Recessive Mutation of hydrolytic enzymes

-Increased activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase(s)

-Poor Ion transport

Answer 1

* Decreased pH OF cytosol-

The pH of cellular cytoplasm is normally about 7.2 but this can change under certain conditions. For example, when cells are deprived of energy, the cytoplasm becomes more acidic than normal. This can be seen in the muscle cells. When oxygen supply is less, lactic acid accumulates in the cells due to incomplete breakdown of glucose.

* Decreased pH of mitochondria-

The mitochondrial matrix has a pH of about 7.8 which is higher than that of the cytoplasm. If the pH is lower than this, the mitochondria begins to pump out H+^ to the inner membrane space which leads to production of more ATP. The mitochondrial matrix becomes acidic if the hydrogen ions are not pumped out due to low pH of the surrounding cytosol.

* Increase in hydrolysis--

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP yields a high amount of energy. The hydrolysis of ATP will increase if more energy requiring reactions are taking place within the cell. The energy released is used to drive that energy.

* Inherited Autosomal Recessive Mutations of hydrolytic enzymes-

In normal gene, the hydrolytic enzyme translate and fold properly and perform their function normally. In mutation of this gene, the transcription will not produce the protein because of the changed amino acid sequence.

* Increased activity of mitogen activated protein kinases are specific to the amino acids serine and threonine. They are involved in directing cellular responses to stimuli such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock etc. They are activated by phosphorylation events in their activation loops. This is conducted by specialized enzymes. Increased activity can be caused to the conformational changes in the structure of the protein.

* Poor ion transport in cells-

This can be caused by mutation in the protein, transmembrane conductance regulator which is responsible for movement of ions in and out of the cells via the cell membrane.