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Answer #1

1.   What are those studies?

Hawthorne Illinois had conducted few experiments to identify the effect of workers on production in the organization. The following experiments were conducted in the Hawthorne studies such as –

•   Illumination experiment
•   Relay assembly experiment
•   Bank wiring observation group experiment

These experiments were conducted from the year 1924 till 1932. All the experiments were conducted at Western Electric company, Chicago, USA. The experiments were conducted by different scientists such as George Elton Mayo, Whitehead and Fritz Roethlisberger. The initial experiments were funded by the National Research Council (NRC). Later on, the research team of Harvard Business School joined them for Illumination test.

1.   Illumination Studies -
This study was conducted from 1924 – 1927, which was sponsored by NRC. This experiment was conducted to find out how changing in the illumination will affect the workers' productivity. Here changing in the illumination means availability of enough light at the workplace. The hypothesis was generated that the higher the amount of illumination leads to higher productivity.

In the first series of experiments, workers were divided into two groups and each group was exposed to varying level of illumination. The first group named as Experimental group and the second group named as the control group. It was found that, when there were increased in the illumination, the production also increased. And when the level of illumination decreased, the production remains increasing. The workers' production in the experimental group decreased only when the illumination (lightening) was decreased compared to a normal level and as same as moonlight.

It was concluded that illumination has no effect on workers productivity but there was a human factor which leads to affect productivity. So, there was no linear relationship between workers productivity and Illumination.

2.   Relay assembly experiment

As Illumination experiment could not successfully establish the relationship between illumination and workers productivity so another experiment conducted named as Relay assembly experiment.

Relay experiment was conducted to identify the changes in various factors affect the job or workers productivity. A scientist chooses two girls for this test. These girls were asked to choose more girl from their workplace who will be going to assist them in the experiment. The whole experiment was to the assembly of a telephone. Each group was given a task to assemble parts of the telephone and make finished product. This process was dependent on speed and continuity of workers and in-between scientist introduced various changes and each change stayed for five to twelve weeks. A researcher was allotted to the groups of girls, who supervise and document the changes in productivity. Girls were also given an opportunity to share their views, acceptance, and concerns related to the experiment

Few changes were observed –
   There was a changed in the incentives system, each girl’s incentive was based on the productivity of other girls in that group.
   Two rest sessions for five minutes each were introduced in morning and evening which affected the productivity
   There were changed in the working hour and workday were also introduced, which has resulted in increased productivity.

2.   Why was each of those studies important?
These studies were important to know the effect of experiments on the productivity of workers. How this experiment changes the efficiency and effectiveness of the workers' task. All experiments were conducted consecutively after the failure of a prior experiment.

3.   What did we learn as leaders, managers, ad members of society?
Many lessons are learned from Hawthorne studies such as –
Increased in worker’s productivity
Fair wage pays
Increased efficiency and effectiveness of workers
Job satisfaction
Healthy work environment
Motivated employees

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Answer 1

1.   What are those studies?

Hawthorne Illinois had conducted few experiments to identify the effect of workers on production in the organization. The following experiments were conducted in the Hawthorne studies such as –

•   Illumination experiment
•   Relay assembly experiment
•   Bank wiring observation group experiment

These experiments were conducted from the year 1924 till 1932. All the experiments were conducted at Western Electric company, Chicago, USA. The experiments were conducted by different scientists such as George Elton Mayo, Whitehead and Fritz Roethlisberger. The initial experiments were funded by the National Research Council (NRC). Later on, the research team of Harvard Business School joined them for Illumination test.

1.   Illumination Studies -
This study was conducted from 1924 – 1927, which was sponsored by NRC. This experiment was conducted to find out how changing in the illumination will affect the workers' productivity. Here changing in the illumination means availability of enough light at the workplace. The hypothesis was generated that the higher the amount of illumination leads to higher productivity.

In the first series of experiments, workers were divided into two groups and each group was exposed to varying level of illumination. The first group named as Experimental group and the second group named as the control group. It was found that, when there were increased in the illumination, the production also increased. And when the level of illumination decreased, the production remains increasing. The workers' production in the experimental group decreased only when the illumination (lightening) was decreased compared to a normal level and as same as moonlight.

It was concluded that illumination has no effect on workers productivity but there was a human factor which leads to affect productivity. So, there was no linear relationship between workers productivity and Illumination.

2.   Relay assembly experiment

As Illumination experiment could not successfully establish the relationship between illumination and workers productivity so another experiment conducted named as Relay assembly experiment.

Relay experiment was conducted to identify the changes in various factors affect the job or workers productivity. A scientist chooses two girls for this test. These girls were asked to choose more girl from their workplace who will be going to assist them in the experiment. The whole experiment was to the assembly of a telephone. Each group was given a task to assemble parts of the telephone and make finished product. This process was dependent on speed and continuity of workers and in-between scientist introduced various changes and each change stayed for five to twelve weeks. A researcher was allotted to the groups of girls, who supervise and document the changes in productivity. Girls were also given an opportunity to share their views, acceptance, and concerns related to the experiment

Few changes were observed –
   There was a changed in the incentives system, each girl’s incentive was based on the productivity of other girls in that group.
   Two rest sessions for five minutes each were introduced in morning and evening which affected the productivity
   There were changed in the working hour and workday were also introduced, which has resulted in increased productivity.

2.   Why was each of those studies important?
These studies were important to know the effect of experiments on the productivity of workers. How this experiment changes the efficiency and effectiveness of the workers' task. All experiments were conducted consecutively after the failure of a prior experiment.

3.   What did we learn as leaders, managers, ad members of society?
Many lessons are learned from Hawthorne studies such as –
Increased in worker’s productivity
Fair wage pays
Increased efficiency and effectiveness of workers
Job satisfaction
Healthy work environment
Motivated employees