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Regulation of Lactate dehydrogenase (same enzyme described above). Lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) is a tetramer that can be regulated in several different ways. The crystal structure of the four subunits of lactate dehydrogenase is shown below. In the heart, lactose has a higher affinity for pyruvate than in the skeletal muscle. Analysis of LDH has identified that it is a substrate of FGFR tyrosine kinase, which results in an increase in the production of lactate. Some types of cancers upregulate FGFR tyrosine kinase to increase anaerobic respiration, or "aerobic glycolysis" (the Warburg effect). Increased levels of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate resulted in an increase in lactate production, Pyruvate binding site Fructose 1.6 bisphosphate binding site a. Briefly describe two different mechanisms by which lactose dehydrogenase can be regulated in the body (2 - 3 sentences each). In your response include: where changes are/may be occurring on the entyme, f/how changes occur within the active site, or potential changes in affinity or specificity for the substrates) Focus O S- E n united States)

Answer 1

Regulation of Lactale dehydrogenase- Lot is an enzyme generally found in all - living cells.gt_catalyses the converscon— Lof_Icetate to.pynurate and back. Thck- coní be regulated in the body by allosteric Regulation - cel Ethanol - induced hypoglycemia- - Ethanol is dehydrogenated_to_acetaldehyde by alcohol_dehydrogenase and funthen - into cHz.cooh bị acetaldehyde dehydrogenale. . BO arma Dencing this reaction 2 Nid DH are produced leading to a depletcon of - NADI. Thus converuicone of_pyruvate to lactate is increased due to associated regeneration of NADT, Therefore ancon metabolic acidosis may ensure Uthanol pocs concngi. The increased MADHI jant ratio adsocan cawe hypoglycemia Canothercocte fastenig endividaiat has been drenikeng and dependent_on neogenesis to maintain blood glucose in the high NADH INADE ratco Scannilooming Enári gluconeogen alevels the

Substrate regulatcon LD H_Cs also regulated by the relative concentrations of Octs substrates - LDH becomes mone_active under periods of_extreme mlucular output. The subsequent glycolytec flax fiche specifically production of pyruvate exceeds the capacity fon pyruvate de hydrogenase and other shuttle enzymes to metabolize pyruvate. The flux through LDH increases in response to chceleased levels of pyruvate and NADH to metabolize -Pyruvate info lactate. Scanned with CamScanner ___