Question

Know what causes ketosis. Know the recommended minimum intake of carbohydrates and fiber. Know the USDA recommendation for added sugar intake. Know what macronutrient is lost when whole grain flour is processed to white flour. I know the causes and treatments of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Know the relationship between sugar intake dental cavities, and hyperactivity. Understand what Glycemic index/load is measuring. Know the names and function of the two hormone involved in raising or lowering blood glucose levels. Know the grams of carbohydrate for each group in the Choose Your Foods handbook.

Answer 1

1) Causes of Ketosis

Our Primary fuel to produce energy is Glucose.When there is less available glucosis stored fat is used to produce energy.This state is called as Ketosis.This condition can occur during fasting or following a low carbohydrate keto diet etc.

2) Minimum Intake of carbohydrate and fibre

Carbohydrate: 45 to 50% of food intake should be carbohydrate.So a 2000 calorie food must contain 225 to 300gms of carbohydrate.But if you are in keto diet or diet regulation 50-150gms is enough.

Fibre :- Intake of fibre varies with age and sex.An average if 25-40gm is needed.

women <50: 21 to 25 grams per day

men <50: 30 to 38 grams per day

Children 1 to 18:- 14 to 31gms per day

3) USDA recommendation on added sugar intake

As per American diet standards and WHO recommends sugar intake must be <10%, i.e. 200 calories/12 teaspoons, for a 2,000 calorie diet.

American Heart Association recommends,Men intake 150calories/37gms/9 teaspoons per day and Women  

100calories/25gms/6 teaspoons per day

Indian National Institute of Nutrition recommends an added sugar intake of not more than 20 to 25g a day

4) Whole grain processed to flour

Outer covering called Bran is removed hence half of the vitamin B1, B2, B3, E, folic acid, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron, fiber, lignans, phytoestrogens, phenolic compounds, and phytic acid are lost.

5) Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1/juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes

Cause:Low insulin production by pancreas is the major cause for this type of diabetes.glucose cannot enter cell to produce energy.This can be genetical or may be caused by some virus

Treatment:There is no particular treatment existing for this type.But some lifestyle changes like exercise,meal planning,medications can limit this ot certain extend.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Cause:This type occurs when sugar/glucose is nto metabolised properly i.e our body is resisting the effect of insulin or not producing enough insulin to maintain the required glucose level.

Treatment :proper medication,exercise,diet can bring this under control

6) Sugar intake Dental cavities and Hyper activity

Dental Cavities:Our mouth contain numerous bacteria which ia actualy required for the oral health balance.But there are certain bacteria which depends on sugar intake and leading to production of certain acids which damage the enamel and the underlying dentin layer leading to caries.

Hyper Activity:Hyperactivity can be interpreted as increased energy level.High sugar level increase the production of insulin inturn very energetic.There is a increase in level of adrenaline leading to hyper activity.

7) Glycemic Index/Load Measuring

This index is a value given to carbohydrate in the food which inturn helps in estimating how this food is affecting the increase or decrease of blood sugar levels.

8) Hormones affecting blood sugar levels

Glucagon and Insulin are the major two hormones.

Glucagon is produced by the pancreas and stimulates glucose from glycogen in the liver.

Insulin is produced by the pancreas.This is used by cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream.

9) Carbohydrate for Each Group

Foods on startch list,Fruit list etc contains 12-15gm of carbohydrates

Foods on fat list do not contain carbohydrates

Foods on starchy 15gms and non starchy 5gms per serving.