Question

Prepare a plan for teaching a new diabetic patient. The patient is a 27 year-old male recently diagnosed with type I diabetes.

Topics to include:

Hypo and hyper glycemia

Nutrition

Exercise

Foot Care

Sick Day Management

Answer 1

-Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus   

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which very little or no insulin produced by the pancreas . This results in high glucose level in body .The symptoms are;

-frequent urination

-increased thirst

-increased hunger

-fatigue

-blurred vision

The cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus is unknown .it is a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no known way to prevent diabetes only way is to treat with insulin therapy.

Hypoglycaemia

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which the blood glucose level becomes very low with symptoms of dizziness, sweating, anxiety,pale face , trembling lips and heart palpitations. This is a warning sign of another condition or poorly managed diabetes. Severe Hypoglycemia conditions may lead to complications such as seizures, coma and loss of consciousness.patient should seek immediate medical attention to prevent further complications . The causes of Hypoglycemia includes ;

-Alcohol abuse

- some medications

-kidney disease

-Liver diseases

- Endocrine problems

- Tumours

-increased activity

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is a condition in which blood glucose level becomes high more than 300 mg / dl with symptoms of excessive hunger , thirst , frequent urination , blurred vision , fatigue , weight loss .The untreated Hyperglycemia may lead to complication like ketoacidosis . Ketoacidosis is a life threatening condition if untreated.The causes of Hyperglycemia include ;

Stress

Certain medications

Critical illness

Nutrition

Maintaining healthy diet is very important in type 1 diabetes mellitus.people with type 1 diabetes should monitor their blood glucose level . Proper excercise , nutrition and insulin therapy can prevent complications. Intake of carbohydrates, fat and proteins should be monitored properly.person with diabetes should avoid junk foods , do not skip meals , careful about sugar intake. Carbohydrates should include only 15 grams in their diet . Diet should include fruits , vegetables ,and whole grains. Add more salads in their diet .

Excercise

exercise is very important to control glucose level in body . Aerobic excercises like swimming, walking , jogging and basketball can reduce complications of diabetes . Strength training exercise can improve muscles and bones and also keeps you healthy .

Foot care

Foot care is very important because nerve damage and infection can lead to serious foot problems .daily foot care habits include daily inspection of your feet , wash and dry foot with proper care , and moisture you feet and dry it . Also avoid using antiseptic solutions that may irritate your skin , never use hot water bottle on your feet and also avoid walking on your bare foot . Sick day management

Check blood glucose and ketones level in irons and blood

Never stop taking insulin

If blood glucose is over 200mg/dl give sugar free liquids such as water or diet drinks

If blood glucose level is less than 200mg/dl offer fluids that contain carbohydrates such as juices

If vomiting pressing use antiemetic to stop vomiting

Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration

If condition is worse please seek medical attention immediately.