Question

1. What is happening in a healthy individual about an hour into a glucose tolerance test? (Note: At this early time-point, blood glucose levels are still high. Also, remember that a person who is taking a glucose tolerance test was fasting for 12 hours prior to the test!) (Select ALL that apply!) Hint: Review pages 319-325, 462-467 and 489-491 of Tymoczko 3E before attempting this question.

A. Glucose is being exported by the liver

B. Glucose is being taken up by the liver

C. Glycogen is being synthesized by adipocytes

D. Glycogen is being synthesized by the liver

E. Glucose is being taken up by muscle cells that are deficient in glycogen

F. Glycogen is being synthesized in any muscle cells where it is depleted

Glucose is being taken up by the brain

Large amounts of glycogen are being synthesized by the brain

2. In a healthy individual, glucose concentrations will spike but then return to normal levels during a glucose tolerance test. In a type 1 diabetic, they will spike dramatically, due to a lack of insulin release and remain high. In a type 2 diabetic, they will also spike dramatically, but due to a lack of insulin response (reduced sensitivity to insulin) and remain high. (Hint: Review pages 466-467 of Tymoczko 3E for more information about type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus). Jessie had normal glucose levels throughout the glucose tolerance test except that she was more hypoglycemic than normal at the beginning and the end of the test. Which of the following could explain her test results? (Select ALL that apply!)

A. Jessie is a type 1 diabetic

B. Jessie is a type 2 diabetic

C. Jessie may have a problem with gluconeogenesis in the liver resulting in lower than normal glucose production during fasting

D. Jessie may have a problem with the production of ATP from other sources, i.e., β-oxidation of fatty acids, which results in increased glucose uptake by tissues from the blood to compensate

E. Jessie may have glucagon levels that are too high when fasting

F. Jessie may have glucagon levels that are too low when fasting

3. Consider how the carbon from fatty acids is ultimately converted into ketone bodies (Sections 27.1-27.3 of Tymoczko 3E). The build-up of FAs and the lack of significant ketone body formation could be explained by a deficiency in only a single biochemical pathway. What is it?

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

The reactions catalyzed by the PDH complex

The citric acid cycle

β-oxidation

The pentose phosphate pathway

4. In what organ or tissue are fatty acids broken down into acetyl-CoA to be turned into ketone bodies?

The brain

Adipose tissue

Muscle

The liver

The skin

The pancreas

Answer 1

1. What is happening in a healthy individual about an hour into a glucose tolerance test?

For the days leading up to the test you should eat a normal diet without restricting what you eat. The night prior to the test your specialist may request that you quit eating 8-12 hours before you are expected to have the test. You will for the most part be permitted to drink water yet might be requested to keep away from sugary beverages.

On the morning of the test your specialist or attendant will take an example of blood before the test starts. This is known as the fasting test; it gives a correlation with the other test outcomes. To do this you may have a little needle set into a vein in the back of your hand.

You will then be given a drink which contains a particular amount of sugar (in the form of glucose) and water.Timings may vary but another blood sample will be taken 1-2 hours after you have had the drink. In some cases more samples may be taken. After the blood tests are taken, the needle in the back of your hand is expelled and you can clear out.

The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), also known as the glucose tolerance test, gauges the body’s ability to metabolize sugar (glucose) and clear it from the bloodstream.

A. Glucose is being exported by the liver

The liver acts as the body’s glucose (or fuel) reservoir, and helps to keep your circulating blood sugar levels and other body fuels steady and constant.

The liver the two stores and produces glucose relying on the body's need. The need to store or discharge glucose is fundamentally motioned by the hormones insulin and glucagon. Amid a supper, your liver will store sugar, or glucose, as glycogen for a later time when your body needs it. The elevated amounts of insulin and stifled dimensions of glucagon amid a feast advance the capacity of glucose as glycogen.

B. Glucose is being taken up by the liver

The liver is large and in charge. The dark reddish-brown organ sits in the upper right abdomen and, at about 3 pounds, is the largest one inside the body (the skin is the largest organ overall). The liver deals with a bewildering exhibit of assignments, including processing fats, making and putting away glucose, and filling in as the body's detox focus. A breaking down liver may prompt the improvement of sort 2 diabetes or exacerbate high blood glucose levels for the individuals who as of now have the ailment.

Specialists know a considerable measure about how the liver functions, however not all that matters. The liver has horde works; a few specialists think there might be 500. In no way, shape or form a comprehensive record of the liver's doings, this article centers around how it forms fat and sugar from what we eat.

C. Glycogen is being synthesized by adipocytes

Stores of readily available glucose to supply the tissues with an oxidizable energy source are found solely in the liver, as glycogen. Glycogen is a polymer of glucose buildups connected by α-(1,4)- and α-(1,6)- glycosidic bonds. Despite the fact that the liver is the tissue for glucose stockpiling as glycogen different tissues likewise combine glycogen and discharge glucose from glycogen for vitality needs. Two essential tissues that store glucose as glycogen as a store of vitality are skeletal muscle and the mind, mainly astrocytes. In any case, the glucose in muscle and cerebrum glycogen isn't accessible to different tissues, in light of the nearness of hexokinase which has a high proclivity for glucose, in this manner quickly phosphorylating any glucose and in addition because of the absence of glucose-6-phosphatase.

D. Glycogen is being synthesized by the liver

After a meal rich in carbohydrates, blood-glucose levels rise, leading to an increase in glycogen synthesis in the liver. ... The liver senses the concentration of glucose in the blood and takes up or releases glucose accordingly. The amount of liverphosphorylase a decreases rapidly when glucose is infused.

E. Glucose is being taken up by muscle cells that are deficient in glycogen

Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in mammals. In humans the majority of glycogen is stored in skeletal muscles (∼500 g) and the liver (∼100 g). Food is supplied in larger meals, but the blood glucose concentration has to be kept within narrow limits to survive and stay healthy. In this way, the body needs to adapt to times of overabundance starches and periods without supplementation. Sound people evacuate blood glucose quickly when glucose is in overabundance, however insulin-animated glucose transfer is lessened in insulin safe and type 2 diabetic subjects. Amid a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clasp, 70– 90% of glucose transfer will be put away as muscle glycogen in sound subjects. The glycogen stores in skeletal muscles are constrained in light of the fact that a productive input intervened restraint of glycogen synthase averts aggregation. All over again lipid blend can add to glucose transfer when glycogen stores are filled. Exercise physiologists typically think about glycogen's primary capacity as vitality substrate. Glycogen is the principle vitality substrate amid exercise force above 70% of maximal oxygen take-up (Vo2max⁡) and weariness creates when the glycogen stores are exhausted in the dynamic muscles.

F. Glycogen is being synthesized in any muscle cells where it is depleted

Carbohydrate can be stored as glycogen mainly in skeletal muscles or the liver; fat is manly stores as triacylglycerol in adipose tissue. With filled glycogen stores, glucose can be the substrate for once more lipid blend and put away in adipocytes,muscles, or the liver and cause insulin opposition.

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