Question

1. During the aerobic metabolism of glucose, glucose is ____________.

1. Reduced to form water
2. Oxidized to form water
3. Reduced to form CO2
4. Oxidized to form CO2

2. Which of the following describes the equation:   FAD + XH₂ à FADH₂ + X.

1. FAD is reduced to FADH₂
2. It is a coupled reduction – oxidation reaction
3. XH₂ is oxidized to X
4. All of the above

3. Which of the following is FALSE about glycolysis?

1. The initial steps of glycolysis requires energy derived from the splitting of 2 molecules of ATP
2. The 6 carbon glucose molecule splits producing two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate as the end product of glycolysis

c. Carbon is lost as CO2

d. Each step requires a different enzyme

4. The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is:

1. ATP
2. Water
3. Oxygen

5. TRUE or FALSE: The glycolysis pathway is reversible to allow glucose production from specific deaminated amino acids during fasting.

1. True
2. False

6. What happens to the amino group of deaminated amino acids?

1. The liver can metabolize it to glucose by gluconeogenesis.
2. The liver metabolize it to urea
3. The liver metabolize it to ketones

7. What will happen to the carbon skeleton of the deaminated amino acids when excessive protein and calories are consumed?

a. It is metabolized by the liver to urea

b. They will be metabolized to fat

c. They will be metabolized to ketones

8. What is the main function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD?

1. To form water
2. To act as enzymes by removing hydrogen atoms from substrate
3. To transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain.

9. During the oxidation of glucose, what happens to the carbons as they are removed from glucose?

1. They produce water
2. They bond to NAD+
3. They form CO2
4. They form Coenzyme A

10. What happens during the Kreb Cycle?.

1. 3 molecules of NAD⁺ and one molecule of FAD are reduced per cycle
2. 1 ATP is produced at the substrate level per cycle
3. Carbon is removed from substrates of the Kreb Cycle as Carbon dioxide and expired by the lungs.
4. All of the above

11.   Which of the following is FALSE?

1. Members of the electron transport chain are activated by electrons, turning them into proton pumps.
2. Protons and ATP are transported out of the mitochondria and into the cytoplasm by a proton-ATP exchanger
3. The diffusion of protons through Respiratory Assemblies activates ATP synthase .
4. The splitting of ATP activates members of the electron transport chain, turning them into pumps.

12. During the oxidation of glucose, the greatest amount of ATP is produced:

1. At the substrate level
2. By oxidative phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)

13. Which of the following is FALSE about anaerobic respiration of glucose?

a. It results in the production of lactic acid

b. It occurs in muscles involved in high intensity exercise for the rapid production of ATP

c. It results in the production of 2 molecules of ATP at the substrate level.

d. It occurs in all cells at the same time

14. Blood glucose levels decrease between meals. How is the liver able to increase blood glucose levels in order to maintain blood glucose homeostasis?

1. Liver cells contain a specific enzyme (glucose-6-phosphatase) that removes phosphate from glucose-6-Phosphate resulting in a glucose concentration gradient allowing the glucose to diffuse out of the hepatocytes and into the blood.
2. The liver uses active transports to transport glucose into the blood
3. The liver uses simple diffusion to transport glucose into the blood

15. During high intensity exercises, which substrate is metabolized anaerobically?

1. Glucose
2. Triglycerides
3. Protein

16. The production of glycogen from glucose is called:

1. Glycogenesis
2. Glycogenolysis
3. Gluconeogenesis

17. Which metabolic pathway produces most ATP?

1. The oxidation of one molecule of glucose
2. The anaerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose
3. The oxidation of a Triglyceride with each fatty acid contain 24 carbons

18. The pumping of protons by the electron transport chain _______________

1. Produces water
2. Is a form of passive cell membrane transport
3. Produces a H+ concentration gradient that ensures the diffusion of H+ back into the matrix

19. The brain is glucose dependent but can adapt to using ketones during a prolonged fast.

1. True
2. False

20. During gluconeogenesis, the liver:

1. Converts the carbon from specific amino acids to glucose
2. Converts the amino group from specific amino acids to glucose
3. Metabolizes fatty acids into ketones

21. The fluid in blood vessels and the Interstitial space is referred to as:

1. The extracellular fluid compartment
2. Plasma
3. The Intracellular fluid compartment

22. Why is the resting cell membrane more permeable to K+ than to Na+?

1. Because gated K+ channels are always open.
2. Because K+ can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the resting cell membrane and Na+ cannot.
3. Because the cell membrane contains Leak (ungated) K+ Channels.

23. Lipid soluble molecules, carbon dioxide, oxygen and urea are transported across the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane by which of the following?

1. Simple diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
4. Active transport

24. The transport of ions across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration requires which of the following?

1. ATP
2. Water
3. Carriers
4. Ion specific Channels

25. Na+ and Glucose are co-transported across the apical epithelial membrane of the small intestines and kidney tubule by which of the following types of transport?

1. Primary active transport using a Na+/Glucose ATPase pump
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Secondary active transport using a SGLT symport

26. The facilitated diffusion of glucose through GLUT 4 transporters on skeletal muscle cells occurs _________.

1. During periods of hypoglycemia and is mediated by the action of glucagon
2. During and shortly after meals (Fed State) when blood glucose levels are elevated and is mediated by the action of insulin
3. During periods of hyperglycemia and is mediated by the action of glucagon

27. GLUT-4 transporters are always present on the cell membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose cells.

1. True
2. False

28. How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?

1. Facilitated diffusion requires ATP
2. Facilitated diffusion requires a solute-specific protein carrier
3. Facilitated diffusion transports solute against its’ concentration gradient

29. Which of the following is TRUE about primary active cell membrane transport?

1. It is a form of transport that requires a protein “pump”
2. It is a form of transport that transports ions and/or solute against their concentration gradient
3. It is a transport mechanism that requires energy released from the splitting of ATP by an ATPase.
4. All of the above

30. Which of the following transport mechanisms is responsible for maintaining a high concentration of sodium ions outside of the cell and a high concentration of potassium ion inside of the cell?

1. Primary active transport using the Na+/K+ATPase pump
2. Primary active transport using a Na+/K+ symport
3. Receptor mediated endocytosis

31. Which of the following “drives” the Na+/Ca++ antiport on the cell membrane of skeletal muscle? (Hint: active transport “drives” secondary active transport)

1. Ca++ ATPase pumps
2. Proton pumps
3. Na+/K+ ATPase pumps

32. What opens a ligand-regulated gated sodium ion channel?

1. Sodium ions
2. A voltage
3. A specific ligand

33. Influx of sodium ions through the open gated sodium ions channels on cell membranes will cause which of the following?

1. Repolarization of the cell membrane
2. Depolarization of the cell membrane
3. Maintenance of Resting Cell Membrane Potential

34. Side A of a Beaker contains 500 mOsmols/liter. Side B of the beaker contains 100 m/Osmols/liter. A membrane permeable only to water is placed between Side A and B. Describe what will happen.

1. Water will move by osmosis from side A to B
2. Water will move by osmosis from side B to A
3. Water will move from the hypertonic side to the hypotonic side
4. Solute will move from side A to side B

35. The sodium-potassium pump is a primary influence of Resting Membrane Potential voltage.

1. True
2. False

36. Which of the following is a both a ligand receptor and an non-specific gated Na+ and K+ channel.

1. Beta receptor on the cardiac pacemaker
2. Alpha receptor on smooth muscle
3. Nicotinic receptor on skeletal muscle

37. What type of ligands use signal transduction to bring information into the cell?

         a. Polar-ligands

         b. Non-polar ligands

         c. Ions

38. What type IV solution would be most appropriate for increasing the intracellular fluid compartment.

         a. Iso-osmotic solutions

         b. Hyperosmotic solutions

         c. Hypo-osmotic solutions

39. Cell to cell communication is accomplished by which of the following?

         a. Gap junctions

         b. Neurotransmitters

         c. Hormones

         d. All of the above

.

Answer 1

QUESTION-1

ANSWER

During the aerobic metabolism of glucose, glucose is-

D. Oxidized to form CO2

QUESTION-2

ANSWER

The following describes the equation: FAD + XH2 à FADH2 + X.

e. All of the above

QUESTION-3

ANSWER

The following is FALSE about glycolysis

c. Carbon is lost as CO2

QUESTION-4

ANSWER

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is:
c. Oxygen

QUESTION-5

ANSWER

The glycolysis pathway is reversible to allow glucose production from specific deaminated amino acids during fasting.

FALSE

QUESTION-6

ANSWER

The following happens to the amino group of deaminated amino acids-

a. The liver can metabolize it to glucose by gluconeogenesis.

QUESTION-7

ANSWER

The following happens to the carbon skeleton of the deaminated amino acids when excessive protein and calories are consumed

c. They will be metabolized to ketones

QUESTION-8

ANSWER

The main function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD?
C. To transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain.

QUESTION-9

ANSWER

During the oxidation of glucose, the following happens to the carbons as they are removed from glucose-
C. They form CO2

QUESTION-10

ANSWER

The following happens during the Kreb Cycle
d. All of the above

QUESTION-12

ANSWER

During the oxidation of glucose, the greatest amount of ATP is produced:
B. By oxidative phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)

QUESTION-13

ANSWER

The following is FALSE about anaerobic respiration of glucose?

d. It occurs in all cells at the same time

QUESTION-14

ANSWER

Blood glucose levels decrease between meals. The liver is able to increase blood glucose levels in order to maintain blood glucose homeostasis by

A. Liver cells contain a specific enzyme (glucose-6-phosphatase) that removes phosphate from glucose-6-Phosphate resulting in a glucose concentration gradient allowing the glucose to diffuse out of the hepatocytes and into the blood.

QUESTION-15

ANSWER

During high-intensity exercises, substrate that is metabolized anaerobically

A. Glucose

QUESTION-16

ANSWER

The production of glycogen from glucose is called:

a. Glycogenesis

QUESTION-17

ANSWER

The following metabolic pathway produces most ATP-
c. The oxidation of a Triglyceride with each fatty acid contains 24 carbons.

GOOD LUCK!!!!!