Question

1) Glucose enters human enterocytes (intestinal epithelial cells) against its concentration gradient. A Na+ ion enters the cell with each glucose molecule, and while the glucose transporter does not hydrolyze ATP, it depends on a pre-existing gradient of Na+ ions that is created by the Na+/K+ ATPase. This is an example of ____________. A. primary active uniport B. secondary active antiport C. primary active symport D. secondary active symport

2) Which statement is FALSE? A. Acetyl CoA is oxidized to pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix. B. Amino acids can be produced from citric acid cycle intermediates. C. Most of the activated carriers produced in the citric acid cycle are ATP molecules. D. ATP is produced and consumed during glycolysis.

3) Most of the high-energy electrons used in oxidative phosphorylation are donated from _______________. A. NADH formed in the mitochondrial matrix B. NADP+ formed in the mitochondrial inner membrane space C. FADH2 formed in the mitochondrial matrix D. NADH formed in the cytosol

4) When photons of light are absorbed by chloroplast antenna complexes _______________. A. electrons are transferred from reaction center chlorophyll molecules to water B. electrons are transferred from chlorophyll molecules to O2 to form water C. electrons in pigment molecules decay to a lower-energy state D. electrons in pigment molecules are boosted to a higher-energy state.

Answer 1

1) Na+/glucose symporter uses the Na+ gradient to transport glucose against the concentration gradient, the Na+ is transported down the concentration gradient and uses the energy released to transport glucose against the concentration gradient. Na+ gradient is generated by the Na+/K+ ATPase by using the energy of ATP, this process is called secondary active transport,

primary active transport uses ATP directly, symport is the transport of molecules in the same directions, antiport is the transport of molecules in the opposite direction.

so the answer is

D. secondary active symport

2) in the mitochondrial matrix pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Amino acids can be produced from citric acid cycle intermediates. example glutamine can be synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate.

activated carriers release energy when split example ATP, NADH, FADH2 etc TCA cycle produces one ATP, one FADH2 and 3 NADH, Most of the activated carriers produced in the citric acid cycle are NADH.

2 ATPs are used in glycolysis and 4 ATPs are produced in glycolysis.

so the answers are  A. Acetyl CoA is oxidized to pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix. C. Most of the activated carriers produced in the citric acid cycle are ATP molecules.