Question

Which of the following is true of a variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning?

Multiple Choice

• It reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed.
• It rewards behaviors an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.
• It reinforces a behavior after an inconsistent and unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.
• It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

Which of the following statements about taste aversion learning is true?

Multiple Choice

• It requires many pairings of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response of nausea
• It is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.
• It occurs only when the “taste” is the direct cause of the nausea experienced.
• It is a special form of negative punishment in which a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.

Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning is defined as

Multiple Choice

• an increase in the frequency of a behavior because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
• a decrease in a behavior when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus.
• a decrease in a behavior when it is followed by the removal of a stimulus.
• an increase in the frequency of a behavior because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.

Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned stimuli?

Multiple Choice

• They produce a response without prior learning.
• They are previously neural stimuli that eventually elicit a conditioned response.
• They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
• They cause neurotransmitters to be absorbed by ganglia.

Operant conditioning is a form of learning that

Multiple Choice

• focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them.
• explains how neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses.
• is not effective in explaining voluntary behaviors.
• occurs through the imitation of another person’s actions.

Extinction in classical conditioning is

Multiple Choice

• the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
• the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
• the process by which an individual learns to imitate behavior by observing.
• the strengthening of the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus’s scientific research on forgetting,

Multiple Choice

• motivated forgetting protects an individual from threatening information.
• an individual never actually forgets what he learns.
• autobiographical memories are the easiest to forget.
• most forgetting takes place soon after an individual learns something.

Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?

Multiple Choice

• Divided attention involves concentrating on different activities, one activity at a time.
• Divided attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
• Divided attention is not likely to impede an individual's ability to pay attention to a specific aspect of an experience.
• Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding information.

Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory

rev: 12_21_2017_QC_CS-112856

Multiple Choice

• is limited in capacity.
• lasts for lesser amount of time.
• becomes less effective when chunking is used.
• relies more on visual information than auditory information.

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of

Multiple Choice

• iconic memory.
• implicit memory.
• declarative memory.
• procedural memory.

Answer 1

1. The correct answer is Option C. It reinforces a behavior after an inconsistent and unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.
2. The correct answer is Option B. It is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.
3. The correct answer is Option D. It is an increase in the frequency of a behavior because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
4. The correct answer is Option A. They produce a response without prior learning.