Question

I need help to develope my assignment please. here are rhe instructions: Minimum word count for each sub-heading answer is 50 words (for example #1 has three parts so your complete answer including a, b and c should be at least 150 words) be sure to cover all three questions completely in the answer.

The chapter begins discussing technical, process and semantic interoperability and ends with change management. The sub-headings in the chapter include:

1. Why Standards are Needed-a) why are standards not deployed? b) what types of translations enable interchange? and c) explain the analogy noted “The Tragedy of Commons,” as it relates to vendor’s self-interest.

2. Electronic Health Records-a) discuss how an observation can take the form of more than one statement and the complications that result; b) explain the difference between two of the six communication sets listed; and c) compose a discharge note on one of the examples listed on p. 26

3. The Devil is in the Detail-a) why is healthcare data unique as information processed by a computer? b) what are the difficulties regarding address geographic objects in standards? and c) discuss two of the seven bullets on the top of p. 28 for postal addresses.

4. Complexity Creates Errors-a) discuss two of the four reasons errors multiply on p. 29 b) how does an error impact data exchange? and c) explain the concept of shared meaning.

Answer 1

Ans 1 (a)

The main issue with standards is not that there is a multitude of them to choose from, but rather that firms fail to adequately incentivise the use of those (standards) that they already possess. Typically, the problem is that there is no one - such as a regulator or supervisor etc. - with the power to deploy these standards in an ordered (i.e. organised) way. Standards that aren't deployed are a waste of time and effort.

Ans 1 (b)

An interchange usually involves two translations: first, from the sender's native language to the wire format and; second, from the wire format to the native language of the recipient. HL7 basically provides a common lingua franca (i.e. a common language between speakers with different native tongues) to do all this.

Ans 1 (c)

As per the analogy, in a shared-resource system (the common grazing land), individual users (farmers) who act independently - guided by their own self-interest - behave contrary to the common welfare of all users by depleting/ruining the resource through incessant, collective action. Applying this analogy - we see that it is in the vendor's financial interest to provide the customer with a proprietary non-standard interface - even though they're aware that this might lead to massive interoperability problems eventually.

Ans 2 (a)

An observation can take the form of more than one statement because it is not a fact. Observations are essentially what clinicians have heard/seen/thought/done with respect to a particular patient - at a specific time and place - and under certain specific contexts. These are all variable. Two statements - about the same events - may therefore, differ significantly. The complication, created by these differences, is that the validity of the clinical results becomes dubious. Due to this, electronic health records are rendered unfit for the purposes of future research. These records cannot be used to support claims on payments or defend legal actions either!