Question

1. Describe the difference between respiratory alteration related ventilation versus perfusion. Provide two examples of each alteration.
2. Explain the relationship between fluid balance and electrolyte levels. Pick an electrolyte and provide an example of how a change in fluid levels will affect that electrolyte.
3. Compare and contrast acute renal failure (ARF) with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Provide at least three similarities and three differences.
4. Discuss at least three different types of urinary incontinence, focusing on the underlying causes and possible treatments.

Answer 1

electrolytes like sodium, potassium chloride and bicarbonate nerve and murcle fruction, maintain and base A The blood help to regulate and fluid I water balance. Electrolytes particularly sodium help the body maintain normal fruid levels in the fluid compartments because the amount of fluid a compartment contains depende on amount (concentrati- con of electrolytes in it. If the concentration of electrolyte is low fluid mover out of compartment. To adjust fluid devels, the body can actively more electrolutes in cor) out of cells. Thus having electrolytes in the night concentrations (called electrolyte balance) is important maintaining fluid balance. Serum sodiums it function of arailable sodium and the amount of water dissolved in it, sodium in body is maintained by Kidneys. When the sodium is present in a relatively excesive sodium (Nat) (Egi. some edematous state), the amount of water reduced reference than below Concentrations is often range. This is called hyponatremua. If there has been encessive fluid loss the available sodium will be increased above the normal range in relatively smaller volume called as hypernatremia. Hypernatremia: Observed in hemoconcentration secondary to encess (or) secondary loss of hypotonic fluid significant Egi. Severe romiting I diarrhea may produce 180 mmolle aknically

can be achieved by using fluid balance hypernatremia. Fluid balance especially oral lor) intravenous rehydration therapy. tlyponatremia - Hyponatremia receives diuical significance of tr. Nat < 120 mmolleit. May be caused by drug therapy like diuretics, Carring encenire salt | water loss. SIADH ( Syndrome of quadequate anti-deuretre harmone) where kidney become abnormally responce to normal ADH levels. Treatment may include fluid restriction Cor) administration of demed ocycline a dring that antagonizes the effects of ADH in renal tubule. Causes of urinary retention: Ontlet obstruction 1 Poorbladder contractilim. long standing ontlet obstruction. u oniec Benign prostatic hyperplasia M (BPH) long term use of cholinergics, ß agonists, CCB's , opioids, No AIDS. long term use of antihistamines 1 , & agoniste, autopsychotics urethral stones, stricture, tumors Diabetes mellins Constipation Urethral diverticula ly women. Idiopathic Vaginal vault prolapse iprion anti- incontinence procedure

Theatment: > Watekful waiting s Alpha reduitare inhibitor which affects epithelial component of the prostate, resulting in reduction in size of gland & improvement in symptoms, widely used in urinary retention by Вен. " Alpha -adrenorecephor blocker. Affect sub rape alpha- adren plore Cdynamic component of obstruction /blockade) > Combination of both. > Surgical treatment which is minimally invaline lopen. Difference b/w deate and chronic renal failure : chronic CCRE) Acute CARF) long (mouth -yrs) short cdays - weeks) History low Normal Reduced. Hemoglobin concentration Normal Present Renal size Absent Peupheral neuropathy renal osteodystrophy. chronic irrevereible. Acute reversible fuercase Sr. Creatinine

of > Reduced amount urine out put , swelling of legs, ankles feet from retention of fluids caused by failure of kidneys to and eliminate wastes unexplained shortness of breathe nausea, confusion, fatigue are common in both. A urinary obstruction suddenly causes ARE and on longstanding urinary obstruction causes CRF. Sr.co and Bun will increase in both ARF, CEF but differentiation ours conly based on cause fetiology > ventilation refers to flow of ain puto and out of alveoli. Perfusion refere of blood to flow Venklation. Denoted by r e Perfusion in Deuoted by a to alveolar cappilaries. a: Ratio of amount of ain reaching alveoli to amount of blood reaching alreole per minute. Ideally Ilt of blood hold 200 mL oxygen; Under these conditions ya hati. would be 0.45-10. and low high chronic astuma Paor Pacoa Va L0.95- lio brouchiks pulmonary edema Hepato pulmonary syndrome low Pacos and Pulmonary V/Q> 0.95-10 high Pula embo his Emphysemia