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39. Sodium-potassium pumps a. establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes b. require carrier proteins and energy c

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Option E

Sodium potassium pumps are solute pump that transport potassium inside the cell and sodium outside the cell. They are ATPase pumps. They use energy generated from the hydrolysis of ATP to drive transport of sodium and potassium ions. The accumulation of these ions is against the concentration gradient, thats why they require energy in the form of ATP.

It accumulates ions on both the sides of a cell membrane. This results in differential amount of positive charges across the membrane. This causes the generation of electrochemical potential.

In nerve cells, these pumps generate, gradients of sodium and potassium ions across neuronal membrane.

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