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Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straigh...

Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straightforward problems involving just one main concept and sometimes requiring no more than substitution of numbers in the appropriate formula. Two dots (••) identify problems that are slightly more challenging and usually involve more than one concept. Three dots (•••) indicate problems that are distinctly more challenging, either because they are intrinsically difficult or involve lengthy calculations. Needless to say, these distinctions are hard to draw and are only approximate.

•• The chemical composition of a molecule can often be deduced from a very accurate measurement of its mass. As a simple example consider the following. Gas from a car’s exhaust is analyzed in a mass spectrometer. Two of the resulting peaks are very close to 28 u. (a) Can you suggest what gases produced these two peaks? (b) Careful measurements indicate that the masses of the neutral molecules concerned are 28.006 u and 27.995 u. What are the two molecules?

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