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•• Conditions in the ion source of a mass spectrometer can be adjusted to allow formation of multiple ionized atoms. (a) Rewrite Eq. (16.44) for the case of an n times ionized atom, and solve for R. (b) Taking the masses of 4He, 12C, and 16O to be 4 u, 12 u, and 16 u, respectively, write down expressions for the radii, R, for He+, C3+, and O4+. (c) Using the actual masses of the atoms, find the fractional differences in these three radii (He versus C and C versus O). The tiny differences in these radii can be measured very accurately and allow precise comparisons of the three masses involved (one of which, 12C, defines the atomic mass scale).
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