Establish rules for null quantification that we can use when a quantified variable does not appear in part of a statement.
Establish these logical equivalences, where x does not occur as a free variable in A. Assume that the domain is nonempty.
a)(∀x P(x)) ∧A ≡ ∀x(P(x) ∧ A)
b)(∃x P(x)) ∧ A ≡ ∃x(P(x) ∧A)
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