Establish rules for null quantification that we can use when a quantified variable does not appear in part of a statement.
Establish these logical equivalences, where x does not occur as a free variable in A. Assume that the domain is nonempty.
a) ∀x(A → P(x)) ≡ A →∀x P(x)
b) ∃x(A → P(x)) ≡ A → ∃x P(x)
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