Problems are listed in approximate order of difficulty. A single dot (•) indicates straightforward problems involving just one main concept and sometimes requiring no more than substitution of numbers in the appropriate formula. Two dots (••) identify problems that are slightly more challenging and usually involve more than one concept. Three dots (•••) indicate problems that are distinctly more challenging, either because they are intrinsically difficult or involve lengthy calculations. Needless to say, these distinctions are hard to draw and are only approximate.
•• Protons on the surface of the sun can be considered to be a gas of noninteracting particles, (a) Calculate the escape speed vesc from the surface of the sun. (b) Assume that the protons at the sun’s surface are in thermal equilibrium at T = 6000 K. Argue that the fraction of the protons on the sun’s surface with v > vesc is effectively zero (Don’t try to do the integral that gives this number; just argue that it is very small.)
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