In this chapter, we focused on sex differentiation, sex chromosomes, and genetic mechanisms involved in sex determination. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions?
(a) How do we know that specific genes in maize play a role in sexual differentiation?
(b) How do we know whether or not a heteromorphic chromosome such as the Y chromosome plays a crucial role in the determination of sex?
(c) How do we know that in humans the X chromosomes play no role in human sex determination, while the Y chromosome causes maleness and its absence causes femaleness?
(d) How did we learn that, although the sex ratio at birth in humans favors males slightly, the sex ratio at conception favors them much more?
(e) How do we know that Drosophila utilizes a different sex-determination mechanism than mammals, even though it has the same sex-chromosome compositions in males and females?
(f) How do we know that X chromosomal inactivation of either the paternal or maternal homolog is a random event during early development in mammalian females?
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