GPS signal transmission through the ionosphere. The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses frequencies of 1.228 and 1.575 GHz. The highest electron density in the earth’s ionosphere occurs near the so-called F-region (at altitudes of ∼300 km) of the ionosphere, reaching values of Ne = 107 cm−3 during periods of high solar activity. By modeling the ionosphere as a single layer of 50-km thickness with uniform electron density Ne, assess the effect of the ionosphere on the GPS signal. What fraction of a GPS signal vertically incident from space onto the ionospheric layer is reflected?
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